@article{hargrove_future_2023,
	title = {The future of water in a desert river basin facing climate change and competing demands: {A} holistic approach to water sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {2214-5818},
	shorttitle = {The future of water in a desert river basin facing climate change and competing demands},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221458182300023X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101336},
	abstract = {Study region
The Middle Rio Grande (MRG), defined by the portion of the basin from Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico to the confluence with the Rio Conchos in Far West Texas, U.S.A. and Northern Chihuahua, Mexico.
Study focus
The future of water for the MRG and many other arid and semi-arid regions of the world is challenged by a changing climate, agricultural intensification, growing urban populations, and a segmented governance system in a transboundary setting. The core question for such settings is: how can water be managed so that competing agricultural, urban, and environmental sectors can realize a sustainable future? We synthesize results from interdisciplinary research aimed at “water futures”, considering possible, probable, and preferable outcomes from the known drivers of change in the MRG in a stakeholder participatory mode. We accomplished this by developing and evaluating scenarios using a suite of scientifically rigorous computer models, melded with the input from diverse stakeholders.
New hydrological insights for the region
Under likely scenarios without significant interventions, relatively cheap and easy to access water will be depleted in about 40 years. Interventions to mitigate this outcome will be very costly. A new approach is called for based on “adaptive cooperation” among sectors and across jurisdictions along four important themes: information sharing, water conservation, greater development and use of alternative water sources, and new limits to water allocation/withdrawals coupled with more flexibility in uses.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-02-09},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies},
	author = {Hargrove, W. L. and Heyman, J. M. and Mayer, A. and Mirchi, A. and Granados-Olivas, A. and Ganjegunte, G. and Gutzler, D. and Pennington, D. D. and Ward, F. A. and Chavira, L. Garnica and Sheng, Z. and Kumar, S. and Villanueva-Rosales, N. and Walker, W. S.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Adaptive cooperation, Agricultural intensification, Changing climate, Drivers of change, Participatory modeling, Urbanization, Water futures},
	pages = {101336},
}

Study region The Middle Rio Grande (MRG), defined by the portion of the basin from Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico to the confluence with the Rio Conchos in Far West Texas, U.S.A. and Northern Chihuahua, Mexico. Study focus The future of water for the MRG and many other arid and semi-arid regions of the world is challenged by a changing climate, agricultural intensification, growing urban populations, and a segmented governance system in a transboundary setting. The core question for such settings is: how can water be managed so that competing agricultural, urban, and environmental sectors can realize a sustainable future? We synthesize results from interdisciplinary research aimed at “water futures”, considering possible, probable, and preferable outcomes from the known drivers of change in the MRG in a stakeholder participatory mode. We accomplished this by developing and evaluating scenarios using a suite of scientifically rigorous computer models, melded with the input from diverse stakeholders. New hydrological insights for the region Under likely scenarios without significant interventions, relatively cheap and easy to access water will be depleted in about 40 years. Interventions to mitigate this outcome will be very costly. A new approach is called for based on “adaptive cooperation” among sectors and across jurisdictions along four important themes: information sharing, water conservation, greater development and use of alternative water sources, and new limits to water allocation/withdrawals coupled with more flexibility in uses.

@inproceedings{chavira_supporting_2022,
	title = {Supporting {Regional} {Water} {Sustainability} {Decision}-{Making} through {Integrated} {Modeling}},
	doi = {10.1109/ISC255366.2022.9922004},
	abstract = {Water sustainability in cities has become a priority concern due to growing city populations and climate change. This is particularly important for cities that face severe water challenges, such as the twin border cities of Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua in Mexico, and El Paso, Texas, USA. While the municipal utilities and government make immediate decisions about water sourcing, pricing, and use, both are public agencies, subject to democratic participation and decision-making. An integrated platform solution may be convenient for stakeholders that interact with multiple aspects of a complex and dynamic system, such as those involved in water sustainability. The Sustainable Water through Integrated Modeling (SWIM) platform provides comprehensible regional water models publicly on the Web that would otherwise only be accessible to domain experts. SWIM leverages future scenario analysis for citizen engagement. This paper presents the motivation, architecture, user interface, and capabilities of SWIM and how it can interoperate with Smart City ICT platforms to enable dynamic systems modeling for decision-making in a Smart City sustainable environment.},
	booktitle = {2022 {IEEE} {International} {Smart} {Cities} {Conference} ({ISC2})},
	author = {Chavira, Luis Garnica and Villanueva-Rosales, Natalia and Heyman, Josiah and Pennington, Deana D. and Salas, Katalina},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	note = {ISSN: 2687-8860},
	keywords = {Decision making, Government, Pricing, Smart cities, Sociology, Stakeholders, User interfaces, decision making, interoperability, smart city platforms, smart city solution, stakeholder awareness, water management smartification, water sustainability modeling},
	pages = {1--7},
}

Water sustainability in cities has become a priority concern due to growing city populations and climate change. This is particularly important for cities that face severe water challenges, such as the twin border cities of Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua in Mexico, and El Paso, Texas, USA. While the municipal utilities and government make immediate decisions about water sourcing, pricing, and use, both are public agencies, subject to democratic participation and decision-making. An integrated platform solution may be convenient for stakeholders that interact with multiple aspects of a complex and dynamic system, such as those involved in water sustainability. The Sustainable Water through Integrated Modeling (SWIM) platform provides comprehensible regional water models publicly on the Web that would otherwise only be accessible to domain experts. SWIM leverages future scenario analysis for citizen engagement. This paper presents the motivation, architecture, user interface, and capabilities of SWIM and how it can interoperate with Smart City ICT platforms to enable dynamic systems modeling for decision-making in a Smart City sustainable environment.

@article{holmes_assessing_2022,
	title = {Assessing the {Effects} of {Climate} {Change} on {Middle} {Rio} {Grande} {Surface} {Water} {Supplies} {Using} a {Simple} {Water} {Balance} {Reservoir} {Model}},
	volume = {-1},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/eint/aop/EI-D-21-0025.1/EI-D-21-0025.1.xml},
	doi = {10.1175/EI-D-21-0025.1},
	abstract = {Abstract The Middle Rio Grande is a vital source of water for irrigation in the region. Climate change is impacting regional hydrology and is likely to put additional stress on a water supply that is already stretched thin. To gain insight on the hydrologic effects of climate change on reservoir storage, a simple water balance model was used to simulate the Elephant Butte-Caballo reservoir system (Southern New Mexico, USA). The water balance model was forced by hydrologic inputs generated by 97 climate simulations derived from CMIP5 Global Climate Models, coupled to a surface hydrologic model. Results suggest the percentage of years that reservoir releases satisfy agricultural water rights allocations over the next 50 years (2021-2070) will decrease compared to the past 50 years (1971-2020). The modeling also projects an increase in multi-year drought events that hinder reservoir management strategies to maintain high storage levels. In most cases, changes in reservoir inflows from distant upstream snowmelt is projected to have a greater influence on reservoir storage and water availability downstream of the reservoirs, compared to changes in local evaporation and precipitation from the reservoir surfaces.},
	language = {EN},
	number = {aop},
	urldate = {2022-08-01},
	journal = {Earth Interactions},
	author = {Holmes, Robyn N. and Mayer, Alex and Gutzler, David S. and Chavira, Luis Garnica},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society
Section: Earth Interactions},
	pages = {1--34},
}

Abstract The Middle Rio Grande is a vital source of water for irrigation in the region. Climate change is impacting regional hydrology and is likely to put additional stress on a water supply that is already stretched thin. To gain insight on the hydrologic effects of climate change on reservoir storage, a simple water balance model was used to simulate the Elephant Butte-Caballo reservoir system (Southern New Mexico, USA). The water balance model was forced by hydrologic inputs generated by 97 climate simulations derived from CMIP5 Global Climate Models, coupled to a surface hydrologic model. Results suggest the percentage of years that reservoir releases satisfy agricultural water rights allocations over the next 50 years (2021-2070) will decrease compared to the past 50 years (1971-2020). The modeling also projects an increase in multi-year drought events that hinder reservoir management strategies to maintain high storage levels. In most cases, changes in reservoir inflows from distant upstream snowmelt is projected to have a greater influence on reservoir storage and water availability downstream of the reservoirs, compared to changes in local evaporation and precipitation from the reservoir surfaces.

@article{samimi_climate_2022,
	title = {Climate {Change} {Impacts} on {Agricultural} {Water} {Availability} in the {Middle} {Rio} {Grande} {Basin}},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {1752-1688},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1752-1688.12988},
	doi = {10.1111/1752-1688.12988},
	abstract = {We present a comprehensive analysis of water availability under plausible future climate conditions in a heavily irrigated agricultural watershed located in the middle section of the Rio Grande Basin in the United States Desert Southwest. Future managed streamflow scenarios (through year 2099) were selected from among 97 scenarios developed based on downscaled, bias-corrected global climate model outputs to evaluate future inflows to the principal surface water storage reservoirs, possible future reservoir releases, and groundwater pumping to sustain irrigated agriculture. The streamflow projections describe a wide range of dry and wet conditions compared to the average historical flows in the river, indicating significant uncertainty in future water availability in the Rio Grande Basin. We applied the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to illustrate the impact of climate futures on different components of the water budget at a watershed scale. Results indicate declining reliability of reservoir storage to meet the water demand of irrigated agriculture. The impact of declining surface water can be offset by increasing the pressure on the already-strained groundwater resources. However, the region should be prepared to use slightly saline (total dissolved solids [TDS] {\textgreater} 1,000 mg/L) and moderately saline groundwater (TDS {\textgreater} 3,000 mg/L) as fresh groundwater in the regional aquifer is depleted within the 21st Century under hotter and drier conditions and status quo agricultural land and water management practices.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
	author = {Samimi, Maryam and Mirchi, Ali and Townsend, Nolan and Gutzler, David and Daggubati, Subhash and Ahn, Sora and Sheng, Zhuping and Moriasi, Daniel and Granados-Olivas, Alfredo and Alian, Sara and Mayer, Alex and Hargrove, William},
	year = {2022},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1752-1688.12988},
	keywords = {Rio Grande, Soil and Water Assessment Tool, climate change, groundwater depletion, irrigated agriculture, water sustainability},
	pages = {164--184},
}

We present a comprehensive analysis of water availability under plausible future climate conditions in a heavily irrigated agricultural watershed located in the middle section of the Rio Grande Basin in the United States Desert Southwest. Future managed streamflow scenarios (through year 2099) were selected from among 97 scenarios developed based on downscaled, bias-corrected global climate model outputs to evaluate future inflows to the principal surface water storage reservoirs, possible future reservoir releases, and groundwater pumping to sustain irrigated agriculture. The streamflow projections describe a wide range of dry and wet conditions compared to the average historical flows in the river, indicating significant uncertainty in future water availability in the Rio Grande Basin. We applied the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to illustrate the impact of climate futures on different components of the water budget at a watershed scale. Results indicate declining reliability of reservoir storage to meet the water demand of irrigated agriculture. The impact of declining surface water can be offset by increasing the pressure on the already-strained groundwater resources. However, the region should be prepared to use slightly saline (total dissolved solids [TDS] \textgreater 1,000 mg/L) and moderately saline groundwater (TDS \textgreater 3,000 mg/L) as fresh groundwater in the regional aquifer is depleted within the 21st Century under hotter and drier conditions and status quo agricultural land and water management practices.

@article{holmes_water_2022,
	title = {Water {Woes} {Worsen}: {Middle} {Rio} {Grande} {Reservoir} {Modeling} {Projects} {Declining} {Water} {Availability} {Under} {Climate} {Change} {Simulations}},
	shorttitle = {Water {Woes} {Worsen}},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/1351},
	doi = {10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/1351},
	abstract = {The Middle Rio Grande is a vital source of water for over 2M people. Climate change is impacting regional hydrology and is likely to put additional stress on a water supply that is already stretched thin. To gain insight on future water availability, a simple water balance model was used to simulate the Elephant Butte-Caballo reservoir system (Southern New Mexico, USA). The water balance model was run under 97 climate simulations derived from Global Climate Models (GCMs) developed under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) 5th generation Coupled Modeling Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Results suggest that the percentage of years that water rights allocations are fulfilled over the next 50 years (2021-2070) will decrease compared to the past 50 years (1971-2020). The modeling also projects an increase in multi-year drought events. In most cases, headwaters flow from snowmelt is projected to have a greater influence on water availability downstream of Elephant Butte and Caballo reservoirs than local evaporation and precipitation from the reservoir surfaces.},
	journal = {Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports},
	author = {Holmes, Robyn},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
}

The Middle Rio Grande is a vital source of water for over 2M people. Climate change is impacting regional hydrology and is likely to put additional stress on a water supply that is already stretched thin. To gain insight on future water availability, a simple water balance model was used to simulate the Elephant Butte-Caballo reservoir system (Southern New Mexico, USA). The water balance model was run under 97 climate simulations derived from Global Climate Models (GCMs) developed under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) 5th generation Coupled Modeling Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Results suggest that the percentage of years that water rights allocations are fulfilled over the next 50 years (2021-2070) will decrease compared to the past 50 years (1971-2020). The modeling also projects an increase in multi-year drought events. In most cases, headwaters flow from snowmelt is projected to have a greater influence on water availability downstream of Elephant Butte and Caballo reservoirs than local evaporation and precipitation from the reservoir surfaces.

@article{torell_least-cost_2022,
	title = {Least-{Cost} {Provision} of {Ecosystem} {Services} from {Water}: {When}, {Where}, and {How} {Much}?},
	volume = {148},
	copyright = {© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers},
	issn = {1943-5452},
	shorttitle = {Least-{Cost} {Provision} of {Ecosystem} {Services} from {Water}},
	url = {https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29WR.1943-5452.0001511},
	doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001511},
	abstract = {Changes in surface or groundwater management influence water use patterns as well as the economic value and sustainability of all water uses. In water-scarce regions, programs that establish environmental flows usually involve reallocating water from another productive use. Few peer-reviewed papers to date have investigated impacts on system-wide economic performance resulting from environmental flow regimes. This work presents an original approach to address that gap by developing and applying a basin-scale hydroeconomic optimization model of North America’s Middle Rio Grande Basin to explore impacts of environmental pulse flows on the region’s economy and water stocks. The model accounts for surface and groundwater storage, irrigation, urban, recreational, and environmental demands; surface water inflows under various climate scenarios; groundwater pumping and recharge; substitute water prices; crop water use; evaporation; as well as institutional constraints governing water use. Results show that climate change, in the form of highly variable inflows, has an impact on the total and marginal cost of implementing environmental pulse flows, amplified by the conjunctive nature of the system.},
	language = {EN},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-12-09},
	journal = {Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management},
	author = {Torell, Gregory L. and Lee, Katherine D. and Garnica, Luis A. and Mayer, Alex S. and Ward, Frank A.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers},
	pages = {04021100},
}

Changes in surface or groundwater management influence water use patterns as well as the economic value and sustainability of all water uses. In water-scarce regions, programs that establish environmental flows usually involve reallocating water from another productive use. Few peer-reviewed papers to date have investigated impacts on system-wide economic performance resulting from environmental flow regimes. This work presents an original approach to address that gap by developing and applying a basin-scale hydroeconomic optimization model of North America’s Middle Rio Grande Basin to explore impacts of environmental pulse flows on the region’s economy and water stocks. The model accounts for surface and groundwater storage, irrigation, urban, recreational, and environmental demands; surface water inflows under various climate scenarios; groundwater pumping and recharge; substitute water prices; crop water use; evaporation; as well as institutional constraints governing water use. Results show that climate change, in the form of highly variable inflows, has an impact on the total and marginal cost of implementing environmental pulse flows, amplified by the conjunctive nature of the system.

@article{poulose_robust_2021,
	title = {Robust crop water simulation using system dynamic approach for participatory modeling},
	volume = {135},
	issn = {1364-8152},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815220309567},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104899},
	abstract = {A system dynamic model, SMITUV (System Dynamic Modeling of Infiltration, Solute Transport, and Root Water Uptake in Vadose Zone) was developed for simulating transient soil water flow, solute transport, and root water uptake in crops under water and salinity stress in a multilayered unsaturated soil layer. SMITUV solves the mixed form one-dimensional Richards’ equation with a sink term for water transport and root water uptake and advection-diffusion equation for solute transport. It simulates salinity and water stress on root water uptake as a function of osmotic and matric potential. SMITUV is based on fundamental physical principals and is robust enough to handle different scenarios and “what-if” runs and also has tools that are crucial for growers to understand the salt-water-soil system. The model is designed to be a planning tool for strategic desalination methods and field management measures that optimize irrigation water use for flood irrigated arid region crops.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
	author = {Poulose, Thomas and Kumar, Saurav and Ganjegunte, Girisha K.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {104899},
}

A system dynamic model, SMITUV (System Dynamic Modeling of Infiltration, Solute Transport, and Root Water Uptake in Vadose Zone) was developed for simulating transient soil water flow, solute transport, and root water uptake in crops under water and salinity stress in a multilayered unsaturated soil layer. SMITUV solves the mixed form one-dimensional Richards’ equation with a sink term for water transport and root water uptake and advection-diffusion equation for solute transport. It simulates salinity and water stress on root water uptake as a function of osmotic and matric potential. SMITUV is based on fundamental physical principals and is robust enough to handle different scenarios and “what-if” runs and also has tools that are crucial for growers to understand the salt-water-soil system. The model is designed to be a planning tool for strategic desalination methods and field management measures that optimize irrigation water use for flood irrigated arid region crops.

@article{mayer_investigating_2021,
	title = {Investigating {Management} of {Transboundary} {Waters} through {Cooperation}: {A} {Serious} {Games} {Case} {Study} of the {Hueco} {Bolson} {Aquifer} in {Chihuahua}, {Mexico} and {Texas}, {United} {States}},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2073-4441},
	shorttitle = {Investigating {Management} of {Transboundary} {Waters} through {Cooperation}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/15/2001},
	doi = {10.3390/w13152001},
	abstract = {Management of transboundary aquifers is a vexing water resources challenge, especially when the aquifers are overexploited. The Hueco Bolson aquifer, which is bisected by the United States–Mexico border and where pumping far exceeds recharge, is an apt example. We conducted a binational, multisector, serious games workshop to explore collaborative solutions for extending the life of the shared aquifer. The value of the serious game workshop was building knowledge, interest, understanding, and constituency among critical stakeholders from both sides of the border. Participants also learned about negotiations and group decision-making while building mutual respect and trust. We did not achieve consensus, but a number of major outcomes emerged, including: (1) participants agreed that action is called for and that completely depleting the freshwater in the shared aquifer could be catastrophic to the region; (2) addressing depletion and prolonging the life of the aquifer will require binational action, because actions on only one side of the border is not enough; and (3) informal binational cooperation will be required to be successful. Agreeing that binational action is called for, the serious games intervention was an important next step toward improving management of this crucial binational resource.},
	language = {en},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Water},
	author = {Mayer, Alex and Heyman, Josiah and Granados-Olivas, Alfredo and Hargrove, William and Sanderson, Mathew and Martinez, Erica and Vazquez-Galvez, Adrian and Alatorre-Cejudo, Luis Carlos},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 15
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {binational resource management, groundwater depletion, serious games, stakeholder cooperation, transboundary aquifers},
	pages = {2001},
}

Management of transboundary aquifers is a vexing water resources challenge, especially when the aquifers are overexploited. The Hueco Bolson aquifer, which is bisected by the United States–Mexico border and where pumping far exceeds recharge, is an apt example. We conducted a binational, multisector, serious games workshop to explore collaborative solutions for extending the life of the shared aquifer. The value of the serious game workshop was building knowledge, interest, understanding, and constituency among critical stakeholders from both sides of the border. Participants also learned about negotiations and group decision-making while building mutual respect and trust. We did not achieve consensus, but a number of major outcomes emerged, including: (1) participants agreed that action is called for and that completely depleting the freshwater in the shared aquifer could be catastrophic to the region; (2) addressing depletion and prolonging the life of the aquifer will require binational action, because actions on only one side of the border is not enough; and (3) informal binational cooperation will be required to be successful. Agreeing that binational action is called for, the serious games intervention was an important next step toward improving management of this crucial binational resource.

@article{ahn_assessment_2021,
	title = {Assessment of {Water} {Availability} and {Scarcity} {Based} on {Hydrologic} {Components} in an {Irrigated} {Agricultural} {Watershed} {Using} {SWAT}},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {1752-1688},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1752-1688.12888},
	doi = {10.1111/1752-1688.12888},
	abstract = {This study assesses the water availability and the water scarcity based on the hydrologic behavior under different weather conditions and crop coverages in an irrigated agricultural area of Rincon Valley in New Mexico using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. Two spatial crop coverages included normal (2008) and dry (2011) years with 14 different crop sets for each year. The SWAT was applied to generate the five essential indicators (surface flow, evapotranspiration, soil water, groundwater recharge, and irrigation water) to evaluate the integrated water availability based on hydrologic response units (HRUs) along with the Arrey Canal to supply irrigation water in the crop areas. The water availability index scores (0–1 range with 1 being the most available and 0 the least available) of alfalfa, corn, cotton, and pecans were 0.21, 0.56, 0.91, and 0.20, respectively, in the normal year and 0.16, 0.78, 0.88, and 0.24, respectively, in the dry year. In the dry year, water scarcity values were high in mostly alfalfa areas, whereas cotton areas have mostly no stress with good water availability. The major water users of crops, ranked in order, were alfalfa, pecans, cotton, and corn. During the dry year, water availability showed to be balanced in terms of water supply and demand by controlling crop patterns from reducing alfalfa acreage by 12\% and increasing cotton acreage by 13\%.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
	author = {Ahn, Sora and Sheng, Zhuping},
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1752-1688.12888},
	keywords = {SWAT, irrigated agricultural areas, water availability, water scarcity, watershed hydrology},
	pages = {186--203},
}

This study assesses the water availability and the water scarcity based on the hydrologic behavior under different weather conditions and crop coverages in an irrigated agricultural area of Rincon Valley in New Mexico using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. Two spatial crop coverages included normal (2008) and dry (2011) years with 14 different crop sets for each year. The SWAT was applied to generate the five essential indicators (surface flow, evapotranspiration, soil water, groundwater recharge, and irrigation water) to evaluate the integrated water availability based on hydrologic response units (HRUs) along with the Arrey Canal to supply irrigation water in the crop areas. The water availability index scores (0–1 range with 1 being the most available and 0 the least available) of alfalfa, corn, cotton, and pecans were 0.21, 0.56, 0.91, and 0.20, respectively, in the normal year and 0.16, 0.78, 0.88, and 0.24, respectively, in the dry year. In the dry year, water scarcity values were high in mostly alfalfa areas, whereas cotton areas have mostly no stress with good water availability. The major water users of crops, ranked in order, were alfalfa, pecans, cotton, and corn. During the dry year, water availability showed to be balanced in terms of water supply and demand by controlling crop patterns from reducing alfalfa acreage by 12% and increasing cotton acreage by 13%.

@article{hargrove_impacts_2021,
	title = {Impacts of {Urbanization} and {Intensification} of {Agriculture} on {Transboundary} {Aquifers}: {A} {Case} {Study}},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {1752-1688},
	shorttitle = {Impacts of {Urbanization} and {Intensification} of {Agriculture} on {Transboundary} {Aquifers}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1752-1688.12889},
	doi = {10.1111/1752-1688.12889},
	abstract = {The objectives were to (1) delineate the complex set of rules governing the fate and transfer of water rights as agricultural land is urbanized in Texas and New Mexico in the United States and Chihuahua in Mexico and (2) estimate the change in water use as a result of such urbanization. Important additional determinants of water use in the region include intensification of agriculture and the hydroschizophrenic policy framework. We conducted interviews with key informants to identify the possible outcomes for changes in water rights as land is urbanized. We constructed decision trees for each of the three jurisdictions, Chihuahua, Texas, and New Mexico, that identified the possible outcomes from urbanization. For each of the possible outcomes in the decision tree, we estimated a range of potential water use outcomes and the most likely water use outcome on a per unit of land area basis. Results show that urbanization of agricultural land has almost no impact on the aggregate demand for or use of surface water. However, the impacts of urbanization on groundwater use vary considerably over the region from Texas to New Mexico to Chihuahua. In New Mexico and Chihuahua where groundwater rights can be leased or sold to other users, the likely impact is a net increase in groundwater use as land is urbanized, ranging from 0 to 3,000 m3/ha in New Mexico and averaging 3,000 m3/ha or more in Chihuahua. In Texas, there is a net benefit in groundwater savings, but those savings are subject to being offset by increased groundwater pumping to meet the needs of expanding pecan production. The net result is continued groundwater depletion, threatening the life of the transboundary aquifers, the Hueco Bolson and the Mesilla Bolson, in the Middle Rio Grande basin (defined as the part of the basin between Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico to the confluence of the river with the Rio Conchos from Mexico).},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-08-18},
	journal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
	author = {Hargrove, W. L. and Sheng, Z. and Granados, A. and Heyman, J. M. and Mubako, S. T.},
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1752-1688.12889},
	keywords = {land use change, transboundary aquifers, urbanization},
	pages = {170--185},
}

The objectives were to (1) delineate the complex set of rules governing the fate and transfer of water rights as agricultural land is urbanized in Texas and New Mexico in the United States and Chihuahua in Mexico and (2) estimate the change in water use as a result of such urbanization. Important additional determinants of water use in the region include intensification of agriculture and the hydroschizophrenic policy framework. We conducted interviews with key informants to identify the possible outcomes for changes in water rights as land is urbanized. We constructed decision trees for each of the three jurisdictions, Chihuahua, Texas, and New Mexico, that identified the possible outcomes from urbanization. For each of the possible outcomes in the decision tree, we estimated a range of potential water use outcomes and the most likely water use outcome on a per unit of land area basis. Results show that urbanization of agricultural land has almost no impact on the aggregate demand for or use of surface water. However, the impacts of urbanization on groundwater use vary considerably over the region from Texas to New Mexico to Chihuahua. In New Mexico and Chihuahua where groundwater rights can be leased or sold to other users, the likely impact is a net increase in groundwater use as land is urbanized, ranging from 0 to 3,000 m3/ha in New Mexico and averaging 3,000 m3/ha or more in Chihuahua. In Texas, there is a net benefit in groundwater savings, but those savings are subject to being offset by increased groundwater pumping to meet the needs of expanding pecan production. The net result is continued groundwater depletion, threatening the life of the transboundary aquifers, the Hueco Bolson and the Mesilla Bolson, in the Middle Rio Grande basin (defined as the part of the basin between Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico to the confluence of the river with the Rio Conchos from Mexico).

@mastersthesis{isaac_if_2021,
	address = {United States -- Texas},
	title = {“{If} {We} {Run} {Out} of {Water}, {What} {Then}?” {Individual} and {Shared} {Agricultural} {Perspectives} on {Water} {Futures} in the {Middle} {Rio} {Grande} {River} {Basin}},
	copyright = {Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works.},
	shorttitle = {“{If} {We} {Run} {Out} of {Water}, {What} {Then}?},
	url = {https://www.proquest.com/docview/2544844975/abstract/E103DD55DDE4427EPQ/1},
	abstract = {This study examines the construction and reproduction of rhetoric concerning water futures amongst the agricultural community of the Middle Rio Grande River Basin. It discusses the reification of potential alternative futures as envisioned through interviews with regional agricultural producers. These interviews center on facilitating the connection between their current decisions and practices as they align with their vision of the future. Also, the interviews will serve to provide the descriptive material needed to construct foresight narratives. Analysis of the foresight narratives collected will be dependent on how farmers perceive uncertain water futures as it affects the building elements of the foresight narratives. These building elements are self, society(others), and the environment. Farmers will feel interests and concerns over these building elements at different intensities which will indicate how their values are reflected in anticipation of the future. Additionally, the fourteen foresight narratives will be joined to see how the agrarian ideology influences the cohort’s interpretation of future water uncertainty. As a group, do they deny or address the issue of a foreseeable water problem. The primary goal of this work is to capture a shared or fragmented vision of uncertain water futures as perceived by the agricultural community of the MRGRB.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-08-02},
	school = {The University of Texas at El Paso},
	author = {Isaac, Rebeka},
	year = {2021},
	note = {ISBN: 9798516053986},
	keywords = {Agrarian ideology, Denial, Farmers, Futurescapes, Water futures},
}

This study examines the construction and reproduction of rhetoric concerning water futures amongst the agricultural community of the Middle Rio Grande River Basin. It discusses the reification of potential alternative futures as envisioned through interviews with regional agricultural producers. These interviews center on facilitating the connection between their current decisions and practices as they align with their vision of the future. Also, the interviews will serve to provide the descriptive material needed to construct foresight narratives. Analysis of the foresight narratives collected will be dependent on how farmers perceive uncertain water futures as it affects the building elements of the foresight narratives. These building elements are self, society(others), and the environment. Farmers will feel interests and concerns over these building elements at different intensities which will indicate how their values are reflected in anticipation of the future. Additionally, the fourteen foresight narratives will be joined to see how the agrarian ideology influences the cohort’s interpretation of future water uncertainty. As a group, do they deny or address the issue of a foreseeable water problem. The primary goal of this work is to capture a shared or fragmented vision of uncertain water futures as perceived by the agricultural community of the MRGRB.

@article{capt_urban_2021,
	title = {Urban {Water} {Demand}: {Statistical} {Optimization} {Approach} to {Modeling} {Daily} {Demand}},
	volume = {147},
	copyright = {This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.},
	issn = {1943-5452},
	shorttitle = {Urban {Water} {Demand}},
	url = {https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29WR.1943-5452.0001315},
	doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001315},
	abstract = {Reliable forecasts of water demand that account for factors that drive demand are imperative to understanding future urban water needs. The effects of meteorological dynamics and sociocultural settings are expressed weakly in many published municipal water demand models, limiting their utility for high-accuracy urban water demand modeling. To fill this gap, this paper presents an empirical daily urban water demand model based on a 365-day trailing average per capita demand that incorporates functions and factors for meteorological, seasonal, policy, and cultural driving forces. A nonlinear iterative regression model of daily water demand was calibrated and validated with historical data (2005–2015) for El Paso, Texas, a major urban area in the American southwest which had a consistent water conservation policy during the study period. The model includes daily temperature and precipitation response functions (which modify demand by as much as ±20\%±20\%{\textless}math display="inline" overflow="scroll"{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}mo form="prefix"{\textgreater}±{\textless}/mo{\textgreater}{\textless}mn{\textgreater}20{\textless}/mn{\textgreater}{\textless}mo{\textgreater}\%{\textless}/mo{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}/math{\textgreater} relative to the annual average), as well as factors that capture effects of month of the year, day of the week, and special holidays (which modify demand within ±15\%±15\%{\textless}math display="inline" overflow="scroll"{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}mo form="prefix"{\textgreater}±{\textless}/mo{\textgreater}{\textless}mn{\textgreater}15{\textless}/mn{\textgreater}{\textless}mo{\textgreater}\%{\textless}/mo{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}/math{\textgreater} relative to the annual average). For the validation period (2011–2015), the model performed well, with a coefficient of determination (R2R2{\textless}math display="inline" overflow="scroll"{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}msup{\textgreater}{\textless}mi{\textgreater}R{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}mn{\textgreater}2{\textless}/mn{\textgreater}{\textless}/msup{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}/math{\textgreater}) of 0.95, a Nash–Sutcliff efficiency of 0.94, a mean absolute-value relative error of 4.38\%, a relative standard error of estimate of 5.82\%, a relative RMS error of 5.71\%, and a mean absolute-value peak-day error of 2.78\%. The use of these site-specific demand variables and response curves facilitates parsimonious urban water demand forecast modeling for regional water security.},
	language = {EN},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-01-28},
	journal = {Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management},
	author = {Capt, Tallen and Mirchi, Ali and Kumar, Saurav and Walker, W. Shane},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers},
	keywords = {Annual peak-day demand, Forecasting parameters, Modeling, Nonlinear regression, Precipitation response curve, Temperature response curve, Urban water demand},
	pages = {04020105},
}

Reliable forecasts of water demand that account for factors that drive demand are imperative to understanding future urban water needs. The effects of meteorological dynamics and sociocultural settings are expressed weakly in many published municipal water demand models, limiting their utility for high-accuracy urban water demand modeling. To fill this gap, this paper presents an empirical daily urban water demand model based on a 365-day trailing average per capita demand that incorporates functions and factors for meteorological, seasonal, policy, and cultural driving forces. A nonlinear iterative regression model of daily water demand was calibrated and validated with historical data (2005–2015) for El Paso, Texas, a major urban area in the American southwest which had a consistent water conservation policy during the study period. The model includes daily temperature and precipitation response functions (which modify demand by as much as ±20%±20%\textlessmath display="inline" overflow="scroll"\textgreater\textlessmrow\textgreater\textlessmo form="prefix"\textgreater±\textless/mo\textgreater\textlessmn\textgreater20\textless/mn\textgreater\textlessmo\textgreater%\textless/mo\textgreater\textless/mrow\textgreater\textless/math\textgreater relative to the annual average), as well as factors that capture effects of month of the year, day of the week, and special holidays (which modify demand within ±15%±15%\textlessmath display="inline" overflow="scroll"\textgreater\textlessmrow\textgreater\textlessmo form="prefix"\textgreater±\textless/mo\textgreater\textlessmn\textgreater15\textless/mn\textgreater\textlessmo\textgreater%\textless/mo\textgreater\textless/mrow\textgreater\textless/math\textgreater relative to the annual average). For the validation period (2011–2015), the model performed well, with a coefficient of determination (R2R2\textlessmath display="inline" overflow="scroll"\textgreater\textlessmrow\textgreater\textlessmsup\textgreater\textlessmi\textgreaterR\textless/mi\textgreater\textlessmn\textgreater2\textless/mn\textgreater\textless/msup\textgreater\textless/mrow\textgreater\textless/math\textgreater) of 0.95, a Nash–Sutcliff efficiency of 0.94, a mean absolute-value relative error of 4.38%, a relative standard error of estimate of 5.82%, a relative RMS error of 5.71%, and a mean absolute-value peak-day error of 2.78%. The use of these site-specific demand variables and response curves facilitates parsimonious urban water demand forecast modeling for regional water security.

@article{samimi_modeling_2020,
	title = {Modeling arid/semi-arid irrigated agricultural watersheds with {SWAT}: {Applications}, challenges, and solution strategies},
	volume = {590},
	issn = {0022-1694},
	shorttitle = {Modeling arid/semi-arid irrigated agricultural watersheds with {SWAT}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169420308787},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125418},
	abstract = {We review over twenty years of publications on Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) applications in arid/semi-arid irrigated agricultural watersheds. Our review reveals strict dominance of the model's use for better understanding water quantity aspects of water management. While this is to be expected given the reality of water scarcity and associated challenges for agricultural production systems in arid/semi-arid regions, the capabilities of SWAT to model water quality have been underutilized. The main modeling challenges are lack of observational data, poor data quality, concerns about simulation accuracy, and technical limitations of the model despite numerous advancements in the last two decades. To deal with these challenges, modelers (i) combined data from different sources with those in existing SWAT databases, (ii) used supplemental tools to estimate missing data and evaluate model performance, (iii) traded off simulation accuracy when the major aim of the study was not undermined, and (iv) developed modular codes, tools, and algorithms to expand the model’s capabilities and improve process representations. A realistic simulation of regional hydrologic fluxes and agricultural water management practices that affect them is essential for meaningful SWAT applications in irrigated dry regions. Modelers are encouraged to apply multi-component calibration (e.g., streamflow, evapotranspiration, crop yield, and groundwater recharge) and report limitations and regional relevance of parameter values to contextualize model performance. We anticipate that model advancements such as conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, explicit simulation of different irrigation systems, dynamic land use, and impacts of soil and water salinity on crop growth would significantly enhance the utility of SWAT in arid/semi-arid irrigated areas.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
	author = {Samimi, Maryam and Mirchi, Ali and Moriasi, Daniel and Ahn, Sora and Alian, Sara and Taghvaeian, Saleh and Sheng, Zhuping},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Arid/semi-arid regions, Hydrologic simulation, Irrigated agriculture, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Watershed modeling},
	pages = {125418},
}

We review over twenty years of publications on Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) applications in arid/semi-arid irrigated agricultural watersheds. Our review reveals strict dominance of the model's use for better understanding water quantity aspects of water management. While this is to be expected given the reality of water scarcity and associated challenges for agricultural production systems in arid/semi-arid regions, the capabilities of SWAT to model water quality have been underutilized. The main modeling challenges are lack of observational data, poor data quality, concerns about simulation accuracy, and technical limitations of the model despite numerous advancements in the last two decades. To deal with these challenges, modelers (i) combined data from different sources with those in existing SWAT databases, (ii) used supplemental tools to estimate missing data and evaluate model performance, (iii) traded off simulation accuracy when the major aim of the study was not undermined, and (iv) developed modular codes, tools, and algorithms to expand the model’s capabilities and improve process representations. A realistic simulation of regional hydrologic fluxes and agricultural water management practices that affect them is essential for meaningful SWAT applications in irrigated dry regions. Modelers are encouraged to apply multi-component calibration (e.g., streamflow, evapotranspiration, crop yield, and groundwater recharge) and report limitations and regional relevance of parameter values to contextualize model performance. We anticipate that model advancements such as conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, explicit simulation of different irrigation systems, dynamic land use, and impacts of soil and water salinity on crop growth would significantly enhance the utility of SWAT in arid/semi-arid irrigated areas.

@article{alger_urban_2020,
	title = {Urban evaporative consumptive use for water-scarce cities in the {United} {States} and {Mexico}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2577-8161},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aws2.1185},
	doi = {10.1002/aws2.1185},
	abstract = {In this work, we estimate urban evaporative consumptive use (urban ECU) in three cities in a semiarid region experiencing water scarcity: El Paso, Texas, and Las Cruces, New Mexico, in the United States and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, in Mexico. Urban ECU includes vegetation and bare soil evapotranspiration (ET) and evaporation from open water, water supply infrastructure losses, and building evaporative coolers. Three independent methods were used to estimate urban ECU from individual ECU components and from utility accounting data. The three methods produced urban ECU estimates that varied by an average of 24\%. Most of the disagreement was attributed to potential overestimation of vegetation and bare soil ET. Vegetation and bare soil ET account for up to 90\% of total urban ECU. Urban ECU accounts for up to 60\% of total annual water demand. Per capita ECU from the U.S. cities is, on average, 149 m3/capita/year, compared with 51 m3/capita/year for Ciudad Juárez.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {AWWA Water Science},
	author = {Alger, Jessica and Mayer, Alex and Kumar, Saurav and Granados-Olivas, Alfredo},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aws2.1185},
	keywords = {consumptive water use, evapotranspiration, semiarid and arid regions, water conservation},
	pages = {e1185},
}

In this work, we estimate urban evaporative consumptive use (urban ECU) in three cities in a semiarid region experiencing water scarcity: El Paso, Texas, and Las Cruces, New Mexico, in the United States and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, in Mexico. Urban ECU includes vegetation and bare soil evapotranspiration (ET) and evaporation from open water, water supply infrastructure losses, and building evaporative coolers. Three independent methods were used to estimate urban ECU from individual ECU components and from utility accounting data. The three methods produced urban ECU estimates that varied by an average of 24%. Most of the disagreement was attributed to potential overestimation of vegetation and bare soil ET. Vegetation and bare soil ET account for up to 90% of total urban ECU. Urban ECU accounts for up to 60% of total annual water demand. Per capita ECU from the U.S. cities is, on average, 149 m3/capita/year, compared with 51 m3/capita/year for Ciudad Juárez.

@article{townsend_adaptation_2020,
	title = {Adaptation of {Climate} {Model} {Projections} of {Streamflow} to {Account} for {Upstream} {Anthropogenic} {Impairments}},
	volume = {n/a},
	copyright = {© 2020 American Water Resources Association},
	issn = {1752-1688},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1752-1688.12851},
	doi = {10.1111/1752-1688.12851},
	abstract = {A statistical procedure is developed to adjust natural streamflows simulated by dynamical models in downstream reaches, to account for anthropogenic impairments to flow that are not considered in the model. The resulting normalized downstream flows are appropriate for use in assessments of future anthropogenically impaired flows in downstream reaches. The normalization is applied to assess the potential effects of climate change on future water availability on the Rio Grande at a gage just above the major storage reservoir on the river. Model-simulated streamflow values were normalized using a statistical parameterization based on two constants that relate observed and simulated flows over a 50-year historical baseline period (1964–2013). The first normalization constant is a ratio of the means, and the second constant is the ratio of interannual standard deviations between annual gaged and simulated flows. This procedure forces the gaged and simulated flows to have the same mean and variance over the baseline period. The normalization constants can be kept fixed for future flows, which effectively assumes that upstream water management does not change in the future, or projected management changes can be parameterized by adjusting the constants. At the gage considered in this study, the effect of the normalization is to reduce simulated historical flow values by an average of 72\% over an ensemble of simulations, indicative of the large fraction of natural flow diverted from the river upstream from the gage. A weak tendency for declining flow emerges upon averaging over a large ensemble, with tremendous variability among the simulations. By the end of the 21st Century the higher-emission scenarios show more pronounced declines in streamflow.},
	language = {en},
	number = {n/a},
	urldate = {2020-05-13},
	journal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
	author = {Townsend, Nolan T. and Gutzler, David S.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1752-1688.12851},
	keywords = {climate, drought, streamflow, water management},
}

A statistical procedure is developed to adjust natural streamflows simulated by dynamical models in downstream reaches, to account for anthropogenic impairments to flow that are not considered in the model. The resulting normalized downstream flows are appropriate for use in assessments of future anthropogenically impaired flows in downstream reaches. The normalization is applied to assess the potential effects of climate change on future water availability on the Rio Grande at a gage just above the major storage reservoir on the river. Model-simulated streamflow values were normalized using a statistical parameterization based on two constants that relate observed and simulated flows over a 50-year historical baseline period (1964–2013). The first normalization constant is a ratio of the means, and the second constant is the ratio of interannual standard deviations between annual gaged and simulated flows. This procedure forces the gaged and simulated flows to have the same mean and variance over the baseline period. The normalization constants can be kept fixed for future flows, which effectively assumes that upstream water management does not change in the future, or projected management changes can be parameterized by adjusting the constants. At the gage considered in this study, the effect of the normalization is to reduce simulated historical flow values by an average of 72% over an ensemble of simulations, indicative of the large fraction of natural flow diverted from the river upstream from the gage. A weak tendency for declining flow emerges upon averaging over a large ensemble, with tremendous variability among the simulations. By the end of the 21st Century the higher-emission scenarios show more pronounced declines in streamflow.

@article{hargrove_comprehensive_2020,
	title = {A {Comprehensive} {Process} for {Stakeholder} {Identification} and {Engagement} in {Addressing} {Wicked} {Water} {Resources} {Problems}},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/9/4/119},
	doi = {10.3390/land9040119},
	abstract = {Various sectors of stakeholders (urban, agricultural, policymakers, etc.) are frequently engaged in participatory research projects aimed at improving water resources\’ sustainability. However, a process for comprehensive and integrative identification, classification, and engagement of all types of water stakeholders for a region or river basin, especially in a transboundary context, is missing for water resources research projects. Our objective was to develop a systematic approach to identifying and classifying water stakeholders, and engage them in a discussion of water futures, as a foundation for a participatory modeling research project to address the wicked water resource problems of the Middle Rio Grande basin on the U.S./Mexico border. This part of the Rio Grande basin can be characterized as having limited and dwindling supplies of water, increasing demands for water from multiple sectors, and a segmented governance system spanning two U.S. states and two countries. These challenges are being exacerbated by climate change; a transitioning agriculture to more water demanding, high value crops; urbanization; and growing demand for environmental services. Moving forward, a core question for this region is how can water be managed so that the three competing sectors\—agricultural, urban, and environmental\—can realize a sustainable future in this challenged water system? We identified the major water-using sectors who represent competing demands as including agricultural, municipal, self-supplied industrial users, environmental, and a sector we labeled \“social justice\”, comprised of individuals who lack access to potable water, or who represent groups who advocate for access to water. We included stakeholders from both the U.S. and Mexico, which is seldom done, who share transboundary water resources in the region. We hosted a series of stakeholder dialogues and obtained results that identified and described their vision for the future of water; challenges to be overcome; and important research questions that could be addressed using participatory modeling approaches. Four broad themes common to multiple sectors emerged: (1) quantity, drought, and scarcity; (2) quality/salinization; (3) urbanization; and (4) conservation and sustainability. Each sector expressed distinctive views regarding the future of water. Agricultural stakeholders, in particular, had strong feelings of ownership of water rights as part of land ownership and a concomitant sense of threat to those water rights emanating from dwindling supplies and competing demands. The contribution of this work is a methodology for identifying, classifying, and engaging all types of stakeholders in the context of a research project, enabling us to compare and contrast views of different types of stakeholders. Heretofore, this has been accomplished in \“bits and pieces\”, but never comprehensively and holistically.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Land},
	author = {Hargrove, William L. and Heyman, Josiah M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 4
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {Rio Grande, participatory modeling, stakeholder engagement, water futures, wicked problems},
	pages = {119},
}

Various sectors of stakeholders (urban, agricultural, policymakers, etc.) are frequently engaged in participatory research projects aimed at improving water resources’ sustainability. However, a process for comprehensive and integrative identification, classification, and engagement of all types of water stakeholders for a region or river basin, especially in a transboundary context, is missing for water resources research projects. Our objective was to develop a systematic approach to identifying and classifying water stakeholders, and engage them in a discussion of water futures, as a foundation for a participatory modeling research project to address the wicked water resource problems of the Middle Rio Grande basin on the U.S./Mexico border. This part of the Rio Grande basin can be characterized as having limited and dwindling supplies of water, increasing demands for water from multiple sectors, and a segmented governance system spanning two U.S. states and two countries. These challenges are being exacerbated by climate change; a transitioning agriculture to more water demanding, high value crops; urbanization; and growing demand for environmental services. Moving forward, a core question for this region is how can water be managed so that the three competing sectors—agricultural, urban, and environmental—can realize a sustainable future in this challenged water system? We identified the major water-using sectors who represent competing demands as including agricultural, municipal, self-supplied industrial users, environmental, and a sector we labeled “social justice”, comprised of individuals who lack access to potable water, or who represent groups who advocate for access to water. We included stakeholders from both the U.S. and Mexico, which is seldom done, who share transboundary water resources in the region. We hosted a series of stakeholder dialogues and obtained results that identified and described their vision for the future of water; challenges to be overcome; and important research questions that could be addressed using participatory modeling approaches. Four broad themes common to multiple sectors emerged: (1) quantity, drought, and scarcity; (2) quality/salinization; (3) urbanization; and (4) conservation and sustainability. Each sector expressed distinctive views regarding the future of water. Agricultural stakeholders, in particular, had strong feelings of ownership of water rights as part of land ownership and a concomitant sense of threat to those water rights emanating from dwindling supplies and competing demands. The contribution of this work is a methodology for identifying, classifying, and engaging all types of stakeholders in the context of a research project, enabling us to compare and contrast views of different types of stakeholders. Heretofore, this has been accomplished in “bits and pieces”, but never comprehensively and holistically.

@article{alatorre_agricultural_2019,
	title = {Agricultural furrow irrigation inefficiency in the basin of {Bustillos} {Lagoon}, {Chihuahua}, {Mexico}: geometric characteristics of agricultural plots and aquifer depletion},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2007-2422},
	shorttitle = {Agricultural furrow irrigation inefficiency in the basin of {Bustillos} {Lagoon}, {Chihuahua}, {Mexico}},
	url = {http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2007-24222019000500241&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en},
	doi = {10.24850/j-tyca-2019-05-10},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Tecnología y ciencias del agua},
	author = {Alatorre, Luis C. and Granados, Alfredo and Bravo, Luis C. and Torres, María E. and Wiebe, Lara C. and Uc, Mario I. and González, Manuel O. and Sánchez, Erick and Rojas, Hugo L. and Salas, Víctor and Alatorre, Luis C. and Granados, Alfredo and Bravo, Luis C. and Torres, María E. and Wiebe, Lara C. and Uc, Mario I. and González, Manuel O. and Sánchez, Erick and Rojas, Hugo L. and Salas, Víctor},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua},
	pages = {241--281},
}

@article{townsend_evaluating_2019,
	title = {{EVALUATING} {FUTURE} {RESERVOIR} {STORAGE} {IN} {THE} {RIO} {GRANDE} {USING} {NORMALIZED} {CLIMATE} {PROJECTIONS} {AND} {A} {WATER} {BALANCE} {MODEL}},
	url = {https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds/259},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs},
	author = {Townsend, Nolan},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
}

@misc{granados-olivas_oportunidades_2019,
	type = {Capítulo de libro},
	title = {Las oportunidades para la sustentabilidad hídrica en las {Cuencas} de {Chihuahua}: {Estrategias} para compensar las demandas socioeconómicas y ambientales ante los retos del cambio climático ({Agua}-{Energía}-{Alimentación})},
	copyright = {CC0 1.0 Universal},
	shorttitle = {Las oportunidades para la sustentabilidad hídrica en las {Cuencas} de {Chihuahua}},
	url = {http://cathi.uacj.mx/handle/20.500.11961/9368},
	abstract = {Se discute las diversas alternativas del desarrollo rural sustentable en base a el uso eficiente del agua para las diversas actividades economicas dentro de las cuencas semideserticas en el Estado de Chihuahua. Acciones para revisar la interaccion entre Medio ambiente, Sociedad y economia.},
	language = {spa},
	urldate = {2021-05-21},
	author = {Granados-Olivas, Alfredo},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Accepted: 2019-12-11T19:49:23Z
ISBN: 9786076092057
Publisher: Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora},
}

Se discute las diversas alternativas del desarrollo rural sustentable en base a el uso eficiente del agua para las diversas actividades economicas dentro de las cuencas semideserticas en el Estado de Chihuahua. Acciones para revisar la interaccion entre Medio ambiente, Sociedad y economia.

@article{samimi_climate_2019,
	title = {Climate {Change} {Impact} {Assessment} for an {Agricultural} {Watershed} in the {U}.{S}. {Desert} {Southwest}},
	volume = {33},
	url = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AGUFM.H33M2149S},
	abstract = {Robust analysis of water availability under plausible future climate 
conditions is essential for adaptive water resources management,
especially in water scarce regions. We analyze water availability
projections in a heavily irrigated agricultural watershed located in the
middle section of the Rio Grande Basin in the U.S. Desert Southwest. A
set of 97 future streamflow scenarios based on downscaled,
bias-corrected global climate model (GCM) outputs normalized by us to
account for upstream human impacts are used to evaluate future inflows
to Elephant Butte and Caballo Reservoirs (the principal surface water
storage reservoirs upstream of the study area), possible future
reservoir releases, and groundwater pumping to sustain irrigated
agriculture. The streamflow projections describe a wide range of dry and
wet hydrological/climate conditions compared to the average historical
flows in the river, indicating significant uncertainty in future water
availability in the Rio Grande Valley. We apply the Soil and Water
Assessment Tool (SWAT) to illustrate the impact of future climate on
different components of the water budget at the watershed scale. We
discuss implications of the projected water availability scenarios for
sustainability of irrigated agriculture and groundwater resources in
this dryland agricultural watershed where surface water and groundwater
are conjunctively managed to cope with extreme variability of renewable
water.},
	urldate = {2020-10-23},
	journal = {AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts},
	author = {Samimi, M. and Mirchi, A. and Townsend, N. T. and Gutzler, D. S. and Ahn, S. and Sheng, Z. and Moriasi, D. and Granados-Olivas, A. and Hargrove, W. L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {1807 Climate impacts, 1834 Human impacts, 1847 Modeling, 1873 Uncertainty assessment, HYDROLOGY},
}

Robust analysis of water availability under plausible future climate conditions is essential for adaptive water resources management, especially in water scarce regions. We analyze water availability projections in a heavily irrigated agricultural watershed located in the middle section of the Rio Grande Basin in the U.S. Desert Southwest. A set of 97 future streamflow scenarios based on downscaled, bias-corrected global climate model (GCM) outputs normalized by us to account for upstream human impacts are used to evaluate future inflows to Elephant Butte and Caballo Reservoirs (the principal surface water storage reservoirs upstream of the study area), possible future reservoir releases, and groundwater pumping to sustain irrigated agriculture. The streamflow projections describe a wide range of dry and wet hydrological/climate conditions compared to the average historical flows in the river, indicating significant uncertainty in future water availability in the Rio Grande Valley. We apply the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to illustrate the impact of future climate on different components of the water budget at the watershed scale. We discuss implications of the projected water availability scenarios for sustainability of irrigated agriculture and groundwater resources in this dryland agricultural watershed where surface water and groundwater are conjunctively managed to cope with extreme variability of renewable water.

@article{ward_economics_2019,
	title = {The economics of aquifer protection plans under climate water stress: {New} insights from hydroeconomic modeling},
	volume = {576},
	issn = {0022-1694},
	shorttitle = {The economics of aquifer protection plans under climate water stress},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169419306298},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.06.081},
	abstract = {Where surface and groundwater are managed conjunctively, the stress on water supplies from climate change can significantly influence water use patterns as well as the economic value and sustainability of those uses. However, aquifer protection can be an expensive proposition because water uses that currently rely on aquifer pumping may produce considerable economic value that would be lost if protection measures are carried out. Evidence from climate-stressed regions has attracted research addressing the costs and benefits of aquifer protection plans. Despite these efforts, few peer-reviewed papers have examined water use patterns that minimize the economic costs of aquifer protection. This work presents an original approach to address that gap by developing and applying a basin scale hydroeconomic optimization model of North America’s Middle Rio Grande Basin to explore impacts of new policies not yet implemented supporting aquifer protection. It also gives model access to readers or stakeholders to experiment with their own scenarios to assess impacts of alternative aquifer protection plans. The model accounts for surface and groundwater storage, irrigation, urban, environmental, and recreational demands, surface water inflows under various climate scenarios, groundwater pumping and recharge, substitute water prices, crop water use, evaporation, as well as institutional constraints governing water use. The objective is implemented by finding the optimized discounted net present value of economic benefits summed over uses, sectors, and regions from use of surface water and connected aquifers. Results are shown for each of six water supply scenarios, two substitute water prices, and two system operation rules. To address impacts of aquifer protection targets, groundwater sustainability targets are specified and enforced as constraints for each of the region’s two major aquifers. We assess total and marginal cost of achieving two targeted aquifer protection levels by identifying optimized surface use and groundwater pumping for each of 24 scenarios. Results show that climate change, in the form of reduced and highly variable inflows, considerably drives up the cost of protecting aquifer sustainability, amplified by the conjunctive nature of the system. Future work points to a need to assess economic performance of various water conservation measures as well as reducing costs of substitute water through measures such as technical advance in desalination, recycling and reuse, substitution of other resources for water, better characterization of existing aquifers, and development of new groundwater supplies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
	author = {Ward, Frank A. and Mayer, Alex S. and Garnica, Luis A. and Townsend, Nolan T. and Gutzler, David S.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Aquifer protection, Climate stress adaptation, Hydroeconomic optimization model, Optimal growth, Water management},
	pages = {667--684},
}

Where surface and groundwater are managed conjunctively, the stress on water supplies from climate change can significantly influence water use patterns as well as the economic value and sustainability of those uses. However, aquifer protection can be an expensive proposition because water uses that currently rely on aquifer pumping may produce considerable economic value that would be lost if protection measures are carried out. Evidence from climate-stressed regions has attracted research addressing the costs and benefits of aquifer protection plans. Despite these efforts, few peer-reviewed papers have examined water use patterns that minimize the economic costs of aquifer protection. This work presents an original approach to address that gap by developing and applying a basin scale hydroeconomic optimization model of North America’s Middle Rio Grande Basin to explore impacts of new policies not yet implemented supporting aquifer protection. It also gives model access to readers or stakeholders to experiment with their own scenarios to assess impacts of alternative aquifer protection plans. The model accounts for surface and groundwater storage, irrigation, urban, environmental, and recreational demands, surface water inflows under various climate scenarios, groundwater pumping and recharge, substitute water prices, crop water use, evaporation, as well as institutional constraints governing water use. The objective is implemented by finding the optimized discounted net present value of economic benefits summed over uses, sectors, and regions from use of surface water and connected aquifers. Results are shown for each of six water supply scenarios, two substitute water prices, and two system operation rules. To address impacts of aquifer protection targets, groundwater sustainability targets are specified and enforced as constraints for each of the region’s two major aquifers. We assess total and marginal cost of achieving two targeted aquifer protection levels by identifying optimized surface use and groundwater pumping for each of 24 scenarios. Results show that climate change, in the form of reduced and highly variable inflows, considerably drives up the cost of protecting aquifer sustainability, amplified by the conjunctive nature of the system. Future work points to a need to assess economic performance of various water conservation measures as well as reducing costs of substitute water through measures such as technical advance in desalination, recycling and reuse, substitution of other resources for water, better characterization of existing aquifers, and development of new groundwater supplies.

@article{samimi_assessment_2018,
	title = {Assessment of {Climate} {Change} {Impacts} on {Surface} {Water} {Hydrologic} {Processes} in {New} {Mexico}-{Texas}-{Mexico} {Border} {Region}},
	url = {https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784481417.027},
	doi = {10.1061/9780784481417.027},
	abstract = {Watershed modeling facilitates informed water resources management. Understanding the magnitude and timing of hydrologic fluxes, and natural and anthropogenic processes that govern water availability is key for allocation of limited water resources to competing sectors in arid regions. In this study, soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) is applied to model an agricultural watershed facing water resources challenges in a portion of the Middle Rio Grande Basin located in the New Mexico-Texas-Mexico border region where agricultural activities rely on conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater supply. The model is calibrated and validated under baseline conditions in the arid climate to evaluate potential impacts of climate change. Climate change scenarios are based on downscaled temperature and precipitation projections and projected inflows to Elephant Butte Reservoir, the main surface water source in the region. Simulation of key components of the regional water budget, including stream flow, evapotranspiration, and recharge improves understanding of regional water availability under climate change. The model is useful for exploring the impact of different water and land management strategies to cope with extreme climatic events.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	author = {Samimi, Maryam and Jahan, Neelam Tahneen and Mirchi, Ali},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers},
	pages = {273--279},
}

Watershed modeling facilitates informed water resources management. Understanding the magnitude and timing of hydrologic fluxes, and natural and anthropogenic processes that govern water availability is key for allocation of limited water resources to competing sectors in arid regions. In this study, soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) is applied to model an agricultural watershed facing water resources challenges in a portion of the Middle Rio Grande Basin located in the New Mexico-Texas-Mexico border region where agricultural activities rely on conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater supply. The model is calibrated and validated under baseline conditions in the arid climate to evaluate potential impacts of climate change. Climate change scenarios are based on downscaled temperature and precipitation projections and projected inflows to Elephant Butte Reservoir, the main surface water source in the region. Simulation of key components of the regional water budget, including stream flow, evapotranspiration, and recharge improves understanding of regional water availability under climate change. The model is useful for exploring the impact of different water and land management strategies to cope with extreme climatic events.

@article{mubako_monitoring_2018,
	title = {Monitoring of {Land} {Use}/{Land}-{Cover} {Changes} in the {Arid} {Transboundary} {Middle} {Rio} {Grande} {Basin} {Using} {Remote} {Sensing}},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2005},
	doi = {10.3390/rs10122005},
	abstract = {Expanding urbanization in highly fragile desert environments requires a thorough understanding of the current state and trends of land uses to achieve an optimal balance between development and the integrity of vital ecosystems. The objectives of this study are to quantify land use change over the 25-year period 1990–2015 and analyze temporal and spatial urbanization trends in the Middle Rio Grande Basin. We conclude by indicating how the results can inform on-going water resource research and public policy discussion in an arid region. Results show that the predominant upland mixed vegetation land cover category has been steadily declining, giving up land to urban and agricultural development. Urban development across the region of interest increased from just under three percent in 1990 to more than 11 percent in 2015, mainly around the major urban areas of El Paso, Ciudad Juárez, and Las Cruces. Public policy aspects related to results from this study include transfer of water rights from agriculture to land developers in cities, higher risk of flooding, loss of natural ecosystems, and increased water pollution from point and non-point sources. Various stakeholders can find the study useful for a better understanding of historical spatial and temporal aspects of urban development and environmental change in arid regions. Such insights can help municipal authorities, farmers, and other stakeholders to strike a balance between development needs and protecting vital ecosystems that support the much needed development, especially in regions that are endowed with transboundary natural resources that often are incompletely represented in single nation data.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	author = {Mubako, Stanley and Belhaj, Omar and Heyman, Josiah and Hargrove, William and Reyes, Carlos},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 12
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {agriculture, arid, environmental impacts, land cover, land use, transboundary, urbanization, water resources},
	pages = {2005},
}

Expanding urbanization in highly fragile desert environments requires a thorough understanding of the current state and trends of land uses to achieve an optimal balance between development and the integrity of vital ecosystems. The objectives of this study are to quantify land use change over the 25-year period 1990–2015 and analyze temporal and spatial urbanization trends in the Middle Rio Grande Basin. We conclude by indicating how the results can inform on-going water resource research and public policy discussion in an arid region. Results show that the predominant upland mixed vegetation land cover category has been steadily declining, giving up land to urban and agricultural development. Urban development across the region of interest increased from just under three percent in 1990 to more than 11 percent in 2015, mainly around the major urban areas of El Paso, Ciudad Juárez, and Las Cruces. Public policy aspects related to results from this study include transfer of water rights from agriculture to land developers in cities, higher risk of flooding, loss of natural ecosystems, and increased water pollution from point and non-point sources. Various stakeholders can find the study useful for a better understanding of historical spatial and temporal aspects of urban development and environmental change in arid regions. Such insights can help municipal authorities, farmers, and other stakeholders to strike a balance between development needs and protecting vital ecosystems that support the much needed development, especially in regions that are endowed with transboundary natural resources that often are incompletely represented in single nation data.

@article{ahn_hydrologic_2018,
	title = {Hydrologic impacts of drought-adaptive agricultural water management in a semi-arid river basin: {Case} of {Rincon} {Valley}, {New} {Mexico}},
	volume = {209},
	issn = {0378-3774},
	shorttitle = {Hydrologic impacts of drought-adaptive agricultural water management in a semi-arid river basin},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377418311326},
	doi = {10.1016/j.agwat.2018.07.040},
	abstract = {This paper examines the coupled effects of weather condition, crop coverage change, and regional water management (i.e., releases from Caballo Reservoir) on hydrologic characteristics of Rincon Valley (2466 km2), a semi-arid agricultural area in New Mexico, U.S.A., using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The model simulates the vertical water budget and horizontal water transfers during the period 1994–2013, incorporating irrigation of fourteen crops in normal (2008) and dry (2011) years to evaluate the hydrologic impacts of cropping change as a drought-adaptive water management strategy. It was calibrated (2000–2002) and validated (2003–2005) using daily-observed streamflow data. Furthermore, evapotranspiration, diversion and irrigation water volume were verified for the period of 2000–2005 using monthly crop irrigation requirement data and canal discharge data. Results demonstrate the significant role of surface water infiltration, providing approximately 18\% of the average annual groundwater recharge during the irrigation season. Watershed scale evapotranspiration (ET) and return flows for the irrigation season were estimated to be 23\% and 1\% higher than those for the non-irrigation season, respectively. For irrigation units, the ratio of ET to combined precipitation and irrigation water for the dry year was 5\% higher than the normal year whereas surface runoff, soil water storage, and groundwater recharge were 7\%, 17\%, and 39\% lower than the normal year, respectively. High groundwater recharge occurs in the hydrologic response units (HRU) where corn and cotton are planted on silty clay loam soil. The Alfalfa acreage (i.e., the largest water user) was reduced by 15\% while the cotton acreage was increased by 13\% in order to adapt to lower water availability during the dry year. Quantitative understanding of the hydrologic fluxes in the Rincon Valley’s irrigated agricultural area illuminates adaptive land and water management to buffer the adverse impacts of prolonged droughts.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-06-29},
	journal = {Agricultural Water Management},
	author = {Ahn, Sora and Abudu, Shalamu and Sheng, Zhuping and Mirchi, Ali},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Irrigated agriculture, Irrigation and non-irrigation seasons, SWAT, Water budget, Watershed hydrology},
	pages = {206--218},
}

This paper examines the coupled effects of weather condition, crop coverage change, and regional water management (i.e., releases from Caballo Reservoir) on hydrologic characteristics of Rincon Valley (2466 km2), a semi-arid agricultural area in New Mexico, U.S.A., using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The model simulates the vertical water budget and horizontal water transfers during the period 1994–2013, incorporating irrigation of fourteen crops in normal (2008) and dry (2011) years to evaluate the hydrologic impacts of cropping change as a drought-adaptive water management strategy. It was calibrated (2000–2002) and validated (2003–2005) using daily-observed streamflow data. Furthermore, evapotranspiration, diversion and irrigation water volume were verified for the period of 2000–2005 using monthly crop irrigation requirement data and canal discharge data. Results demonstrate the significant role of surface water infiltration, providing approximately 18% of the average annual groundwater recharge during the irrigation season. Watershed scale evapotranspiration (ET) and return flows for the irrigation season were estimated to be 23% and 1% higher than those for the non-irrigation season, respectively. For irrigation units, the ratio of ET to combined precipitation and irrigation water for the dry year was 5% higher than the normal year whereas surface runoff, soil water storage, and groundwater recharge were 7%, 17%, and 39% lower than the normal year, respectively. High groundwater recharge occurs in the hydrologic response units (HRU) where corn and cotton are planted on silty clay loam soil. The Alfalfa acreage (i.e., the largest water user) was reduced by 15% while the cotton acreage was increased by 13% in order to adapt to lower water availability during the dry year. Quantitative understanding of the hydrologic fluxes in the Rincon Valley’s irrigated agricultural area illuminates adaptive land and water management to buffer the adverse impacts of prolonged droughts.

@article{ontiveros_evolucion_2018,
	title = {Evolución temporal del flujo del agua subterránea en {Ciudad} {Juárez}, {Chihuahua} aplicando modelación geoespacial},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {Derechos de autor 2019 TECNOCIENCIA Chihuahua},
	issn = {1870-6606},
	url = {https://148.229.0.27/index.php/tecnociencia/article/view/150},
	abstract = {Resumen
					



El agua subterránea es un recurso indispensable para el desarrollo de las poblaciones de zonas áridas. El acelerado crecimiento urbano y la falta de planeación para el manejo adecuado del recurso son las principales causas de presión para su disponibilidad. Esto provoca un descenso en los niveles de agua subterránea, induciendo un cambio en la dirección del flujo. En el presente trabajo se analizó la evolución de los niveles estáticos de los acuíferos Bolsón del Hueco y Bolsón de la Mesilla en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua en un periodo de 39 años (1975-2014), para estimar la dirección del flujo del agua subterránea. Se aplicaron procedimientos de modelación geoespacial y geoestadísticas por medio del método de interpolación de Kriging, para lo cual se usó información de la Junta Municipal de Aguas y Saneamiento (JMAS). Esta información es un registro histórico del nivel estático respecto a la elevación del brocal de los pozos para los años 1974, 1994 y 2014. Los resultados demuestran que la profundidad del nivel estático en la región ha variado durante este periodo desde los 30 m a los 140 m, generando conos de abatimiento locales, principalmente en el área central de la ciudad. Se necesitan nuevas políticas de desarrollo urbano que ayuden al uso sustentable del acuífero y prevean la sobreexplotación del acuífero.},
	language = {es},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-21},
	journal = {TECNOCIENCIA Chihuahua},
	author = {Ontiveros, Arturo Soto and Olivas, Alfredo Granados and Munguía, Adán Pinales and Solís, Sergio Saúl and Heyman, Josiah Mcconnel},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 2},
	keywords = {Agua Subterránea, Bolsón del Hueco, Dirección de Flujo, Modelación Geoespacial},
	pages = {103--113},
}

Resumen El agua subterránea es un recurso indispensable para el desarrollo de las poblaciones de zonas áridas. El acelerado crecimiento urbano y la falta de planeación para el manejo adecuado del recurso son las principales causas de presión para su disponibilidad. Esto provoca un descenso en los niveles de agua subterránea, induciendo un cambio en la dirección del flujo. En el presente trabajo se analizó la evolución de los niveles estáticos de los acuíferos Bolsón del Hueco y Bolsón de la Mesilla en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua en un periodo de 39 años (1975-2014), para estimar la dirección del flujo del agua subterránea. Se aplicaron procedimientos de modelación geoespacial y geoestadísticas por medio del método de interpolación de Kriging, para lo cual se usó información de la Junta Municipal de Aguas y Saneamiento (JMAS). Esta información es un registro histórico del nivel estático respecto a la elevación del brocal de los pozos para los años 1974, 1994 y 2014. Los resultados demuestran que la profundidad del nivel estático en la región ha variado durante este periodo desde los 30 m a los 140 m, generando conos de abatimiento locales, principalmente en el área central de la ciudad. Se necesitan nuevas políticas de desarrollo urbano que ayuden al uso sustentable del acuífero y prevean la sobreexplotación del acuífero.

@article{vargas-acosta_towards_2018,
	title = {Towards {SWIM} {Narratives} for {Sustainable} {Water} {Management}},
	volume = {2184},
	issn = {1613-0073},
	url = {http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2184/paper-03.pdf},
	abstract = {The creation of scientific models to understand water availability under different scenarios is an important step towards pursuing a sustainable water future. A wide variety of scientific models have been created for understanding the different elements driving water availability in urban, agricultural and ecological settings. The Sustainable Water through Integrated Modeling Framework (SWIM) enables a wide range of stakeholders to run water-sustainability model scenarios through participatory modeling. Although SWIM is a science-driven platform, it was created with input from diverse stakeholders with the goal of improving how water models can be used and shared. SWIM aims to foster a better understanding on the impact that decisions about water usage can have. This paper describes our efforts towards translating the science behind the models generated in SWIM into English and Spanish explanations, also known as narratives. We anticipate that narratives will better communicate the meaning of specific water-economics scenarios under different perspectives, including urban, agriculture and environmental. Thus, assisting stakeholders in decision making.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Enabling Open Semantic Science co-located with 17th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2018)},
	author = {Vargas-Acosta, Raúl Alejandro and Chavira, Luis Garnica and Villanueva-Rosales, Natalia and Pennington, Deana},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {8},
}

The creation of scientific models to understand water availability under different scenarios is an important step towards pursuing a sustainable water future. A wide variety of scientific models have been created for understanding the different elements driving water availability in urban, agricultural and ecological settings. The Sustainable Water through Integrated Modeling Framework (SWIM) enables a wide range of stakeholders to run water-sustainability model scenarios through participatory modeling. Although SWIM is a science-driven platform, it was created with input from diverse stakeholders with the goal of improving how water models can be used and shared. SWIM aims to foster a better understanding on the impact that decisions about water usage can have. This paper describes our efforts towards translating the science behind the models generated in SWIM into English and Spanish explanations, also known as narratives. We anticipate that narratives will better communicate the meaning of specific water-economics scenarios under different perspectives, including urban, agriculture and environmental. Thus, assisting stakeholders in decision making.

@article{garnica_chavira_semi-structured_2018,
	title = {Semi-structured {Knowledge} {Models} and {Web} {Service} {Driven} {Integration} for {Online} {Execution} and {Sharing} of {Water} {Sustainability} {Models}},
	url = {https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2018/Stream-A/43},
	abstract = {The wide variety in descriptions, implementations, and accessibility of scientific models poses a huge challenge for model interoperability. Model interoperability is key in the automation of tasks including model integration, seamless access to distributed models, data reuse and repurpose. Current approaches for model interoperability include the creation of generic standards and vocabularies to describe models, their inputs and outputs. These domain-agnostic standards often do not provide the fine-grained level required to describe a specific domain or task, and extending such standards requires a considerable amount of effort and time that is deviated from the purpose of producing scientific breakthrough and results. This paper presents a semi-structured, knowledge-based framework implemented with a service-driven architecture: The Sustainable Water through Integrated Modelling Framework (SWIM). SWIM is part of an ongoing effort to expose water sustainability models on the Web with the goal of enabling stakeholder engagement and participatory modelling. SWIM is a science-driven platform, leveraged by the technology advances on service-oriented architectures (SOA), schemaless database managers (NoSQL) and widely used Web-based frontend frameworks. The SWIM semi-structured knowledge model is flexible enough to adapt on-the-go as the underlying water sustainability models grow in complexity. SWIM fosters the sharing and reuse of data and models generated in the system by providing the descriptions of models, inputs, and outputs of each run using relevant metadata mapped to widely-used standards with JSON-LD, a JSON extension for linked data.},
	journal = {International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software},
	author = {Garnica Chavira, Luis and Caballero, Jose and Rosales, Natalia Villanueva and Pennington, Deana},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
}

The wide variety in descriptions, implementations, and accessibility of scientific models poses a huge challenge for model interoperability. Model interoperability is key in the automation of tasks including model integration, seamless access to distributed models, data reuse and repurpose. Current approaches for model interoperability include the creation of generic standards and vocabularies to describe models, their inputs and outputs. These domain-agnostic standards often do not provide the fine-grained level required to describe a specific domain or task, and extending such standards requires a considerable amount of effort and time that is deviated from the purpose of producing scientific breakthrough and results. This paper presents a semi-structured, knowledge-based framework implemented with a service-driven architecture: The Sustainable Water through Integrated Modelling Framework (SWIM). SWIM is part of an ongoing effort to expose water sustainability models on the Web with the goal of enabling stakeholder engagement and participatory modelling. SWIM is a science-driven platform, leveraged by the technology advances on service-oriented architectures (SOA), schemaless database managers (NoSQL) and widely used Web-based frontend frameworks. The SWIM semi-structured knowledge model is flexible enough to adapt on-the-go as the underlying water sustainability models grow in complexity. SWIM fosters the sharing and reuse of data and models generated in the system by providing the descriptions of models, inputs, and outputs of each run using relevant metadata mapped to widely-used standards with JSON-LD, a JSON extension for linked data.

@article{ganjegunte_organic_2018,
	title = {Organic carbon, nutrient, and salt dynamics in saline soil and switchgrass ({Panicum} virgatum {L}.) irrigated with treated municipal wastewater},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2017 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-145X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ldr.2841},
	doi = {10.1002/ldr.2841},
	abstract = {This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil macronutrients, Na, Cl, and SO4 dynamics in soil as well as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) shoots under greenhouse conditions. Average SOC concentrations in upper 60 cm increased significantly from the prestudy level of 18 Mg ha−1 to between 21 and 23 Mg ha−1 at the end of the study (2009–2015) under different treatments. Annual average rate of increase for all four depths (upper 60 cm) ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 Mg ha−1 y−1. Nutrient concentration in soil samples was positively influenced by fertilizer application. N, P, and K concentrations in soil and switchgrass shoots were significantly positively correlated. On average, Alamo switchgrass cultivar under irrigated conditions removed 28.5 to 35.7 g N m−2, 2.52 to 3.48 g P m−2, and 29.6 to 38.4 g K m−2, and differences between freshwater and wastewater treatments were not significant. This indicated that wastewater irrigation did not result in excessive accumulation of nutrients in switchgrass tissue. Although salt constituents such as Na, Cl, and SO4 concentrations in soil increased over time as a result of wastewater irrigation, their concentration did not increase in switchgrass shoots, indicating a salt exclusion mechanism. The results of this greenhouse study indicated that the use treated municipal wastewater for irrigation can improve SOC contents of salt affected lands and extend the availability of freshwater in arid regions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Land Degradation \& Development},
	author = {Ganjegunte, Girisha and Ulery, April and Niu, Genhua and Wu, Yanqi},
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.2841},
	keywords = {nutrients, salinity and sodicity, soil organic carbon, wastewater, ‘Alamo’ switchgrass cultivar},
	pages = {80--90},
}

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil macronutrients, Na, Cl, and SO4 dynamics in soil as well as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) shoots under greenhouse conditions. Average SOC concentrations in upper 60 cm increased significantly from the prestudy level of 18 Mg ha−1 to between 21 and 23 Mg ha−1 at the end of the study (2009–2015) under different treatments. Annual average rate of increase for all four depths (upper 60 cm) ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 Mg ha−1 y−1. Nutrient concentration in soil samples was positively influenced by fertilizer application. N, P, and K concentrations in soil and switchgrass shoots were significantly positively correlated. On average, Alamo switchgrass cultivar under irrigated conditions removed 28.5 to 35.7 g N m−2, 2.52 to 3.48 g P m−2, and 29.6 to 38.4 g K m−2, and differences between freshwater and wastewater treatments were not significant. This indicated that wastewater irrigation did not result in excessive accumulation of nutrients in switchgrass tissue. Although salt constituents such as Na, Cl, and SO4 concentrations in soil increased over time as a result of wastewater irrigation, their concentration did not increase in switchgrass shoots, indicating a salt exclusion mechanism. The results of this greenhouse study indicated that the use treated municipal wastewater for irrigation can improve SOC contents of salt affected lands and extend the availability of freshwater in arid regions.

@article{cox_soil_2018,
	title = {Soil quality changes due to flood irrigation in agricultural fields along the {Rio} {Grande} in western {Texas}},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0883-2927},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883292717303943},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.12.019},
	abstract = {Growing populations demand more food, putting more pressure on soil productivity and sustainability around the world. In western Texas along the Rio Grande Valley, the low natural rainfall requires frequent irrigations for sustaining agriculture. To investigate the impacts of irrigation on soil quality, we collected and modelled geochemical data (major elements and nutrients) on irrigation water, soil pore water, drainage water, and soil samples, and monitored soil moisture, temperature, and electrical conductivity with sensors from two pecan, one cotton, and one alfalfa fields in western Texas. This study showed that flood irrigation with both surface (Rio Grande river) and ground waters significantly increased the root-zone salinity, soil sodicity, and nutrient leaching from soils to the underlying aquifers and Rio Grande river from agricultural fields of the arid southwest. The water used for irrigation was high in total dissolved solids ({\textgreater}500 ppm generally), dominated by Na+, Cl−, Ca2+ and SO42−. After flood irrigation, infiltrating water dissolved salts such as gypsum that have accumulated in the soils due to previous irrigations, or/and mixed existing concentrated soil waters, and approached saturation with respect to these evaporite minerals. Soil water was supersaturated with respect to carbonates as pedogenic calcite precipitated out and reached concentrations of ∼10 wt\% of total soil mass. This suggested that pedogenic carbonate is an important carbon reservoir and precipitation kinetics and controls of such secondary calcite need further investigation for the irrigated agricultural fields in arid regions of the world. Chemistry of agricultural return flow samples collected from drainage ditches was similar to that of irrigation water, suggesting that most of the irrigation water had taken a shallow and short flowpath through the fields to drains. Between irrigation events, soil water became more concentrated as water was lost through evapotranspiration that led to precipitation of evaporite salts. As a result, sodicity and salinity of soils, especially clayey soils, frequently exceeded the tolerance levels of major crops grown in the region. Here in these fine-textured soils, combination of high evapotranspiration rates, intensive irrigation with water of elevated salinity, and limited infiltration stunted crop growth, decreased soil porosity and permeability, led to poor aeration, and accelerated salt buildup via a positive feedback mechanism. During initial irrigation where soils were saturated, soil water also percolated and recharged to underlying aquifers, and thus salts, nutrients, and trace metals from agricultural practices (i.e., application of fertilizers, irrigation, soil amendments, and pesticide) could be mobilized to shallow groundwaters. This implied that chemistry of Rio Grande river, groundwater, and soil was closely linked. Thus the sustainability of agriculture depended on appropriate water, soil and crop management practices.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Applied Geochemistry},
	author = {Cox, Christine and Jin, Lixin and Ganjegunte, Girisha and Borrok, David and Lougheed, Vanessa and Ma, Lin},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Pedogenic carbonate, Salinity and sodicity, Salt buildup},
	pages = {87--100},
}

Growing populations demand more food, putting more pressure on soil productivity and sustainability around the world. In western Texas along the Rio Grande Valley, the low natural rainfall requires frequent irrigations for sustaining agriculture. To investigate the impacts of irrigation on soil quality, we collected and modelled geochemical data (major elements and nutrients) on irrigation water, soil pore water, drainage water, and soil samples, and monitored soil moisture, temperature, and electrical conductivity with sensors from two pecan, one cotton, and one alfalfa fields in western Texas. This study showed that flood irrigation with both surface (Rio Grande river) and ground waters significantly increased the root-zone salinity, soil sodicity, and nutrient leaching from soils to the underlying aquifers and Rio Grande river from agricultural fields of the arid southwest. The water used for irrigation was high in total dissolved solids (\textgreater500 ppm generally), dominated by Na+, Cl−, Ca2+ and SO42−. After flood irrigation, infiltrating water dissolved salts such as gypsum that have accumulated in the soils due to previous irrigations, or/and mixed existing concentrated soil waters, and approached saturation with respect to these evaporite minerals. Soil water was supersaturated with respect to carbonates as pedogenic calcite precipitated out and reached concentrations of ∼10 wt% of total soil mass. This suggested that pedogenic carbonate is an important carbon reservoir and precipitation kinetics and controls of such secondary calcite need further investigation for the irrigated agricultural fields in arid regions of the world. Chemistry of agricultural return flow samples collected from drainage ditches was similar to that of irrigation water, suggesting that most of the irrigation water had taken a shallow and short flowpath through the fields to drains. Between irrigation events, soil water became more concentrated as water was lost through evapotranspiration that led to precipitation of evaporite salts. As a result, sodicity and salinity of soils, especially clayey soils, frequently exceeded the tolerance levels of major crops grown in the region. Here in these fine-textured soils, combination of high evapotranspiration rates, intensive irrigation with water of elevated salinity, and limited infiltration stunted crop growth, decreased soil porosity and permeability, led to poor aeration, and accelerated salt buildup via a positive feedback mechanism. During initial irrigation where soils were saturated, soil water also percolated and recharged to underlying aquifers, and thus salts, nutrients, and trace metals from agricultural practices (i.e., application of fertilizers, irrigation, soil amendments, and pesticide) could be mobilized to shallow groundwaters. This implied that chemistry of Rio Grande river, groundwater, and soil was closely linked. Thus the sustainability of agriculture depended on appropriate water, soil and crop management practices.

@article{chavarria_observed_2018,
	title = {Observed {Changes} in {Climate} and {Streamflow} in the {Upper} {Rio} {Grande} {Basin}},
	volume = {54},
	copyright = {© 2018 American Water Resources Association},
	issn = {1752-1688},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1752-1688.12640},
	doi = {10.1111/1752-1688.12640},
	abstract = {Observed streamflow and climate data are used to test the hypothesis that climate change is already affecting Rio Grande streamflow volume derived from snowmelt runoff in ways consistent with model-based projections of 21st-Century streamflow. Annual and monthly changes in streamflow volume and surface climate variables on the Upper Rio Grande, near its headwaters in southern Colorado, are assessed for water years 1958–2015. Results indicate winter and spring season temperatures in the basin have increased significantly, April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) has decreased by approximately 25\%, and streamflow has declined slightly in the April–July snowmelt runoff season. Small increases in precipitation have reduced the impact of declining snowpack on trends in streamflow. Changes in the snowpack–runoff relationship are noticeable in hydrographs of mean monthly streamflow, but are most apparent in the changing ratios of precipitation (rain + snow, and SWE) to streamflow and in the declining fraction of runoff attributable to snowpack or winter precipitation. The observed changes provide observational confirmation for model projections of decreasing runoff attributable to snowpack, and demonstrate the decreasing utility of snowpack for predicting subsequent streamflow on a seasonal basis in the Upper Rio Grande Basin.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
	author = {Chavarria, Shaleene B. and Gutzler, David S.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1752-1688.12640},
	keywords = {climate variability/change, runoff, snow hydrology, water supply},
	pages = {644--659},
}

Observed streamflow and climate data are used to test the hypothesis that climate change is already affecting Rio Grande streamflow volume derived from snowmelt runoff in ways consistent with model-based projections of 21st-Century streamflow. Annual and monthly changes in streamflow volume and surface climate variables on the Upper Rio Grande, near its headwaters in southern Colorado, are assessed for water years 1958–2015. Results indicate winter and spring season temperatures in the basin have increased significantly, April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) has decreased by approximately 25%, and streamflow has declined slightly in the April–July snowmelt runoff season. Small increases in precipitation have reduced the impact of declining snowpack on trends in streamflow. Changes in the snowpack–runoff relationship are noticeable in hydrographs of mean monthly streamflow, but are most apparent in the changing ratios of precipitation (rain + snow, and SWE) to streamflow and in the declining fraction of runoff attributable to snowpack or winter precipitation. The observed changes provide observational confirmation for model projections of decreasing runoff attributable to snowpack, and demonstrate the decreasing utility of snowpack for predicting subsequent streamflow on a seasonal basis in the Upper Rio Grande Basin.

@article{ganjegunte_treated_2018,
	title = {Treated urban wastewater irrigation effects on bioenergy sorghum biomass, quality, and soil salinity in an arid environment},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2018 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1099-145X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ldr.2883},
	doi = {10.1002/ldr.2883},
	abstract = {Land degradation due to elevated salinity and sodicity is a serious problem affecting many irrigated regions of the world. Salinity coupled with freshwater scarcity has forced many farmers in arid regions to abandon agricultural lands. This study evaluated irrigation potential of marginal quality treated urban wastewater to produce bioenergy sorghum on saline soils collected from an abandoned degraded salt affected lands in Texas and New Mexico under greenhouse conditions. Study results indicated that the energy sorghum biomass production and quality under wastewater irrigation were comparable to that irrigated with freshwater on nonsaline soils. Soil salinity especially in the subsurface increased over time under wastewater irrigation compared to that under freshwater irrigation. Soil sodicity (measured by sodium adsorption ratios) increased over time in all water–soil treatment combinations. Sodicity values were higher in treatments that received wastewater irrigation with no addition of calcium to counter sodium. Although sodicity exceeded the threshold value, no impairment in soil permeability was observed. Study results indicated a great potential for marginal quality water irrigation to improve degraded saline land productivity. Further field studies are required to confirm our greenhouse study results and the potential of bioenergy crops especially on saline soils and to highlight treated wastewater as a potential irrigation source.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Land Degradation \& Development},
	author = {Ganjegunte, Girisha and Ulery, April and Niu, Genhua and Wu, Yanqi},
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.2883},
	keywords = {degraded saline land, freshwater scarcity, land development, marginal water quality, soil salinity and sodicity, west Texas},
	pages = {534--542},
}

Land degradation due to elevated salinity and sodicity is a serious problem affecting many irrigated regions of the world. Salinity coupled with freshwater scarcity has forced many farmers in arid regions to abandon agricultural lands. This study evaluated irrigation potential of marginal quality treated urban wastewater to produce bioenergy sorghum on saline soils collected from an abandoned degraded salt affected lands in Texas and New Mexico under greenhouse conditions. Study results indicated that the energy sorghum biomass production and quality under wastewater irrigation were comparable to that irrigated with freshwater on nonsaline soils. Soil salinity especially in the subsurface increased over time under wastewater irrigation compared to that under freshwater irrigation. Soil sodicity (measured by sodium adsorption ratios) increased over time in all water–soil treatment combinations. Sodicity values were higher in treatments that received wastewater irrigation with no addition of calcium to counter sodium. Although sodicity exceeded the threshold value, no impairment in soil permeability was observed. Study results indicated a great potential for marginal quality water irrigation to improve degraded saline land productivity. Further field studies are required to confirm our greenhouse study results and the potential of bioenergy crops especially on saline soils and to highlight treated wastewater as a potential irrigation source.

@article{acquah_optimizing_2017,
	title = {Optimizing {Adjustments} to {Transboundary} {Water} {Sharing} {Plans}: {A} {Multi}-{Basin} {Approach}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1573-1650},
	shorttitle = {Optimizing {Adjustments} to {Transboundary} {Water} {Sharing} {Plans}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-017-1794-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s11269-017-1794-3},
	abstract = {Afghanistan contributes water supplies to Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. However, with the exception of the Helmand Basin, Afghanistan has negotiated transboundary water sharing agreements with no downstream country. This paper describes a constrained optimization framework to minimize economic costs within each of nine Afghan transboundary basins of adapting to potential water sharing agreements. Model results show impacts of water agreements on farm income and food security for each Afghan basin. Our results show that unrestricted trading reduces the economic costs of adapting to water sharing treaties by two to 6 \% compared to the conventional water sharing system. A higher scale of reservoir storage capacity as well as market trading of water among regions moderates costs of water shortages, both with and without water agreements in place.},
	language = {en},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2020-07-01},
	journal = {Water Resources Management},
	author = {Acquah, Sarah and Ward, Frank A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {5019--5042},
}

Afghanistan contributes water supplies to Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. However, with the exception of the Helmand Basin, Afghanistan has negotiated transboundary water sharing agreements with no downstream country. This paper describes a constrained optimization framework to minimize economic costs within each of nine Afghan transboundary basins of adapting to potential water sharing agreements. Model results show impacts of water agreements on farm income and food security for each Afghan basin. Our results show that unrestricted trading reduces the economic costs of adapting to water sharing treaties by two to 6 % compared to the conventional water sharing system. A higher scale of reservoir storage capacity as well as market trading of water among regions moderates costs of water shortages, both with and without water agreements in place.

@inproceedings{villanueva-rosales_capturing_2017,
	title = {Capturing {Scientific} {Knowledge} for {Water} {Resources} {Sustainability} in the {Rio} {Grande} {Area}},
	abstract = {This paper presents our experience in capturing scientific knowledge for enabling the creation of user-defined modeling scenarios that combine availability and use of water resources with potential climate in the middle Rio Grande region. The knowledge representation models in this project were created and validated by an international, interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers. These models enable the automated generation of water optimization models and visualization of output data and provenance traces that support the reuse of scientific knowledge. Our efforts include an educational and outreach component to enable students and a wide variety of stakeholders (e.g., farmers, city planners, and general public) to access and run water models. Our approach, the Integrated Water Sustainability Modeling Framework, uses ontologies and light-weight standards such as JSON-LD to enable the exchange of data across the different components of the system and third-party tools, including modeling and visualization tools. Future work includes the ability to automatically integrate further models (i.e., model integration).},
	language = {en},
	author = {Villanueva-Rosales, Natalia and Chavira, Luis Garnica and Tamrakar, Smriti Rajkarnikar and Pennington, Deana and Vargas-Acosta, Raul Alejandro and Ward, Frank and Mayer, Alex S},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {6},
}

This paper presents our experience in capturing scientific knowledge for enabling the creation of user-defined modeling scenarios that combine availability and use of water resources with potential climate in the middle Rio Grande region. The knowledge representation models in this project were created and validated by an international, interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers. These models enable the automated generation of water optimization models and visualization of output data and provenance traces that support the reuse of scientific knowledge. Our efforts include an educational and outreach component to enable students and a wide variety of stakeholders (e.g., farmers, city planners, and general public) to access and run water models. Our approach, the Integrated Water Sustainability Modeling Framework, uses ontologies and light-weight standards such as JSON-LD to enable the exchange of data across the different components of the system and third-party tools, including modeling and visualization tools. Future work includes the ability to automatically integrate further models (i.e., model integration).

@incollection{cervera-gomez_evaluacion_2017,
	title = {Evaluación del recurso solar del {Valle} de {Juárez}},
	isbn = {978-607-8214-43-3},
	abstract = {El sol es la fuente de energía que mantiene vivo al planeta tierra. Emite continuamente una potencia de 62 mil
600 kilowatts (o kilovatios) por cada metro cuadrado de
su superficie. Esto ha venido ocurriendo a lo largo de
4 mil 500 millones de años, y se estima que continuará así por
otros 5 mil millones de años, lo cual, en términos de la existencia que ha tenido la humanidad, es prácticamente ilimitado. De
hecho, en un periodo de tan solo dos días, el planeta recibe una
cantidad de energía equivalente a todas las reservas probadas
que existen de petróleo, gas y carbón. Esto equivale a cerca de
60 veces el consumo anual de la sociedad humana, lo cual nos
da una idea del potencial impresionante que tiene la energía del
sol para satisfacer las demandas energéticas del mundo (Bulnes,
Best, \& Lejos, 2010).},
	author = {Cervera-Gómez, Luis and Botello Mares, Adrián},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {81--106},
}

El sol es la fuente de energía que mantiene vivo al planeta tierra. Emite continuamente una potencia de 62 mil 600 kilowatts (o kilovatios) por cada metro cuadrado de su superficie. Esto ha venido ocurriendo a lo largo de 4 mil 500 millones de años, y se estima que continuará así por otros 5 mil millones de años, lo cual, en términos de la existencia que ha tenido la humanidad, es prácticamente ilimitado. De hecho, en un periodo de tan solo dos días, el planeta recibe una cantidad de energía equivalente a todas las reservas probadas que existen de petróleo, gas y carbón. Esto equivale a cerca de 60 veces el consumo anual de la sociedad humana, lo cual nos da una idea del potencial impresionante que tiene la energía del sol para satisfacer las demandas energéticas del mundo (Bulnes, Best, & Lejos, 2010).

@article{ganjegunte_effects_2017,
	title = {Effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on soil properties, switchgrass biomass production and quality under arid climate},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {0926-6690},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669017300389},
	doi = {10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.01.038},
	abstract = {Ongoing severe drought and increased demand for freshwater by municipal and industrial sectors have reduced the freshwater availability for agriculture in the far west Texas region. The region has enormous potential for developing alternative water sources for a bioenergy crop that requires less water and can grow on saline soils. In addition to improving farm income, this can help in producing 137 billion liters of bio-based transportation fuels goal set by the U.S. Congress by the year 2022. This study evaluated switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) performance under treated urban wastewater irrigation on salt affected soils amended with gypsum and polymer using soil columns prepared from a salt affected land over six years under greenhouse conditions that mimicked the climatic conditions of the study region. Results indicated that switchgrass produced appreciable biomass even under highly saline and sodic conditions. Qualities of biomass under treated urban wastewater were comparable to that produced under freshwater irrigation. Expectedly, soil salinity increased with time at a greater rate under wastewater irrigation than freshwater. Soil SAR values were below threshold when adequate Ca was available to counter sodicity. In addition irrigation with treated wastewater improved nitrogen and potassium status in the root zone. This can reduce of cost of fertilization and increase farm profitability.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Industrial Crops and Products},
	author = {Ganjegunte, Girisha and Ulery, April and Niu, Genhua and Wu, Yanqi},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Alamo cultivar, Bioenergy feedstock, Biomass quality, Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Holocellulose, Lignin, Marginal quality water, Sodicity, Soil salinity, Southwest U.S., Switchgrass, Treated urban wastewater},
	pages = {60--69},
}

Ongoing severe drought and increased demand for freshwater by municipal and industrial sectors have reduced the freshwater availability for agriculture in the far west Texas region. The region has enormous potential for developing alternative water sources for a bioenergy crop that requires less water and can grow on saline soils. In addition to improving farm income, this can help in producing 137 billion liters of bio-based transportation fuels goal set by the U.S. Congress by the year 2022. This study evaluated switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) performance under treated urban wastewater irrigation on salt affected soils amended with gypsum and polymer using soil columns prepared from a salt affected land over six years under greenhouse conditions that mimicked the climatic conditions of the study region. Results indicated that switchgrass produced appreciable biomass even under highly saline and sodic conditions. Qualities of biomass under treated urban wastewater were comparable to that produced under freshwater irrigation. Expectedly, soil salinity increased with time at a greater rate under wastewater irrigation than freshwater. Soil SAR values were below threshold when adequate Ca was available to counter sodicity. In addition irrigation with treated wastewater improved nitrogen and potassium status in the root zone. This can reduce of cost of fertilization and increase farm profitability.

@article{ganjegunte_soil_2017,
	title = {Soil {Salinity} of an {Urban} {Park} after {Long}-{Term} {Irrigation} with {Saline} {Ground} {Water}},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {1435-0645},
	url = {https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2134/agronj2017.06.0369},
	doi = {10.2134/agronj2017.06.0369},
	abstract = {Core Ideas Changes in soil salinity after 46 yr of irrigation. Using electromagnetic induction to map soil salinity and sodicity. Correlate soil salinity with irrigation system distribution uniformity. Chamizal National Park, located in El Paso, TX, extends over 140,000 m2 and has been irrigated with saline water for 46 yr. In recent years, turf areas in the park have severely degraded and bare spots have developed. Root zone salinity and sodicity were suspected to be the main reasons for the turf conditions. Developing salinity management and remediation strategies to improve turf quality requires information on the distribution of salinity (ECe) within the turf root zone. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) uses apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) to delineate salinity distribution, and is reportedly superior to traditional wet chemistry analyses. This study was conducted to investigate the spatial distribution of soil salinity and sodicity using the EMI technique. In addition, we assessed irrigation distribution uniformity and compared findings with root zone salinity and sodicity. The EMI data correlated well with saturated paste results and indicated that root zone salinity ranged from {\textless}1 to 43 dS m−1. In several parts of the park, ECe exceeded the threshold values for bermudagrass of 15 dS m−1. Root zone sodium adsorption ratio values ranged from {\textless}1 to 21 mmol1/2 L−1/2 and in areas where increased runoff and surface ponding were observed, values exceeded the threshold level of 12 mmol1/2 L−1/2. Correlation analysis between irrigation uniformity parameters and standard deviation of ECe and SAR values revealed that more than 90\% of the variability of EC and SAR in the top 30 cm of the root zone could be explained by irrigation uniformity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Agronomy Journal},
	author = {Ganjegunte, Girisha K. and Clark, John A. and Sallenave, Rossana and Sevostianova, Elena and Serena, Matteo and Alvarez, Guillermo and Leinauer, Bernhard},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2134/agronj2017.06.0369},
	pages = {3011--3018},
}

Core Ideas Changes in soil salinity after 46 yr of irrigation. Using electromagnetic induction to map soil salinity and sodicity. Correlate soil salinity with irrigation system distribution uniformity. Chamizal National Park, located in El Paso, TX, extends over 140,000 m2 and has been irrigated with saline water for 46 yr. In recent years, turf areas in the park have severely degraded and bare spots have developed. Root zone salinity and sodicity were suspected to be the main reasons for the turf conditions. Developing salinity management and remediation strategies to improve turf quality requires information on the distribution of salinity (ECe) within the turf root zone. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) uses apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) to delineate salinity distribution, and is reportedly superior to traditional wet chemistry analyses. This study was conducted to investigate the spatial distribution of soil salinity and sodicity using the EMI technique. In addition, we assessed irrigation distribution uniformity and compared findings with root zone salinity and sodicity. The EMI data correlated well with saturated paste results and indicated that root zone salinity ranged from \textless1 to 43 dS m−1. In several parts of the park, ECe exceeded the threshold values for bermudagrass of 15 dS m−1. Root zone sodium adsorption ratio values ranged from \textless1 to 21 mmol1/2 L−1/2 and in areas where increased runoff and surface ponding were observed, values exceeded the threshold level of 12 mmol1/2 L−1/2. Correlation analysis between irrigation uniformity parameters and standard deviation of ECe and SAR values revealed that more than 90% of the variability of EC and SAR in the top 30 cm of the root zone could be explained by irrigation uniformity.

@misc{noauthor_policy_2016,
	title = {Policy {Nook}: “{Policy} {Challenges} {Facing} {Agricultural} {Water} {Use}: {An} {International} {Look}” {Water} {Economics} and {Policy}},
	url = {https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2382624X1671003X},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	year = {2016},
}

@article{ramirez-villazana_clasificacion_2016,
	title = {Clasificación geoespacial de los indicadores del medio físico para la {Recarga} del acuífero {Palomas}-{Guadalupe} {Victoria}, {Chihuahua}, {México}},
	abstract = {La recarga de agua es una estrategia importante para el sostenimiento del nivel hidrostático de los acuíferos. En el norte de México se localiza el acuífero Palomas-Guadalupe Victoria, donde gran parte de su recarga ocurre sobre la superficie de la Cuenca Baja del río Casas Grandes (CBRCG), en esta cuenca la principal pérdida de agua ocurre en los procesos de evapotranspiración y evaporación, ya que es una cuenca endorreica. El proceso metodológico para el presente estudio consistió en la clasificación geoespacial de los Factores Potenciales de Recarga (FPR) como indicadores del medio físico, procesando y analizando datos vectoriales e imágenes satelitales ASTER. Los resultados obtenidos a partir del procedimiento metodológico determinan tres clases, que indican el potencial de recarga; la clase tres que se distribuye en los piedemonte de la sierra de Las Coloradas, sierra de Boca Grande, sierra Las Lilas, sierra El Cartucho y sobre el cauce del río Casas Grandes, y tiene un área de 192.94 km², la clase dos que se distribuye principalmente en el valle que forman la sierra de las Coloradas, la sierra de Boca Grande, y por el río Casas Grandes, y cuenta con un área de 838.83 km², por último se tiene la clase uno, la cual se distribuye al este del río Casas Grandes, y cuenta con un área de 747.97 km². Se concluye que la metodología empleada para la clasificación de los indicadores del medio físico es altamente efectiva para identificar las zonas potenciales para la recarga de acuíferos.},
	language = {es},
	author = {Ramírez-Villazana, Oscar},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {7},
}

La recarga de agua es una estrategia importante para el sostenimiento del nivel hidrostático de los acuíferos. En el norte de México se localiza el acuífero Palomas-Guadalupe Victoria, donde gran parte de su recarga ocurre sobre la superficie de la Cuenca Baja del río Casas Grandes (CBRCG), en esta cuenca la principal pérdida de agua ocurre en los procesos de evapotranspiración y evaporación, ya que es una cuenca endorreica. El proceso metodológico para el presente estudio consistió en la clasificación geoespacial de los Factores Potenciales de Recarga (FPR) como indicadores del medio físico, procesando y analizando datos vectoriales e imágenes satelitales ASTER. Los resultados obtenidos a partir del procedimiento metodológico determinan tres clases, que indican el potencial de recarga; la clase tres que se distribuye en los piedemonte de la sierra de Las Coloradas, sierra de Boca Grande, sierra Las Lilas, sierra El Cartucho y sobre el cauce del río Casas Grandes, y tiene un área de 192.94 km², la clase dos que se distribuye principalmente en el valle que forman la sierra de las Coloradas, la sierra de Boca Grande, y por el río Casas Grandes, y cuenta con un área de 838.83 km², por último se tiene la clase uno, la cual se distribuye al este del río Casas Grandes, y cuenta con un área de 747.97 km². Se concluye que la metodología empleada para la clasificación de los indicadores del medio físico es altamente efectiva para identificar las zonas potenciales para la recarga de acuíferos.

@article{jones_spatial_2016,
	title = {Spatial and {Seasonal} {Variations} in {Aridification} across {Southwest} {North} {America}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0894-8755},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00852.1},
	doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00852.1},
	abstract = {Southwestern North America (SWNA) is projected to become drier in the twenty-first century as both precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) rates change with increasing greenhouse gas concentration. The authors diagnose the relative contributions of changes in P and E to the local surface moisture balance (P − E) in cold and warm halves of the year across SWNA. Trends in P − E vary spatially between the arid southern subregion (mostly northern Mexico) and the more temperate northern subregion (southwest United States), although both subregions exhibit a negative trend in P − E (trending toward more arid conditions) in CMIP5 projections for the twenty-first century. The P − E trend is biggest in the cold season, when much of the base flow to rivers in the southwest United States is generated. The downward trend in cold season P − E across SWNA is caused primarily by increasing E in the north and decreasing P in the south. Decreasing P is the primary contributor to modest warm season drying trends in both northern and southern subregions. Also, P accounts for most of the interannual variability in SWNA P − E and is strongly correlated with modes of oceanic natural variability during the cold season. SWNA aridification is therefore most readily distinguished from the region’s large natural climate variability in the cold season in the northern subregion, where the projected temperature-driven increase in E is greater than the projected decrease in P.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	author = {Jones, Shannon M. and Gutzler, David S.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society},
	pages = {4637--4649},
}

Southwestern North America (SWNA) is projected to become drier in the twenty-first century as both precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) rates change with increasing greenhouse gas concentration. The authors diagnose the relative contributions of changes in P and E to the local surface moisture balance (P − E) in cold and warm halves of the year across SWNA. Trends in P − E vary spatially between the arid southern subregion (mostly northern Mexico) and the more temperate northern subregion (southwest United States), although both subregions exhibit a negative trend in P − E (trending toward more arid conditions) in CMIP5 projections for the twenty-first century. The P − E trend is biggest in the cold season, when much of the base flow to rivers in the southwest United States is generated. The downward trend in cold season P − E across SWNA is caused primarily by increasing E in the north and decreasing P in the south. Decreasing P is the primary contributor to modest warm season drying trends in both northern and southern subregions. Also, P accounts for most of the interannual variability in SWNA P − E and is strongly correlated with modes of oceanic natural variability during the cold season. SWNA aridification is therefore most readily distinguished from the region’s large natural climate variability in the cold season in the northern subregion, where the projected temperature-driven increase in E is greater than the projected decrease in P.

@article{eastoe_tracers_2016,
	title = {Tracers of {Groundwater} {Mixing} in the {Hueco} {Bolson} {Aquifer}, {Ciudad} {Juárez}, {Mexico}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1078-7275},
	url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/eeg/article-abstract/22/3/195/521601/Tracers-of-Groundwater-Mixing-in-the-Hueco-Bolson},
	doi = {10.2113/gseegeosci.22.3.195},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Environmental and Engineering Geoscience},
	author = {Eastoe, Christopher J. and Olivas, Alfredo Granados and Hibbs, Barry J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: GeoScienceWorld},
	pages = {195--207},
}

@article{ward_economic_2016,
	title = {Economic performance of irrigation capacity development to adapt to climate in the {American} {Southwest}},
	volume = {540},
	issn = {0022-1694},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002216941630419X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.06.057},
	abstract = {Growing demands for food security to feed increasing populations worldwide have intensified the search for improved performance of irrigation, the world’s largest water user. These challenges are raised in the face of climate variability and from growing environmental demands. Adaptation measures in irrigated agriculture include fallowing land, shifting cropping patterns, increased groundwater pumping, reservoir storage capacity expansion, and increased production of risk-averse crops. Water users in the Gila Basin headwaters of the U.S. Lower Colorado Basin have faced a long history of high water supply fluctuations producing low-valued defensive cropping patterns. To date, little research grade analysis has investigated economically viable measures for irrigation development to adjust to variable climate. This gap has made it hard to inform water resource policy decisions on workable measures to adapt to climate in the world’s dry rural areas. This paper’s contribution is to illustrate, formulate, develop, and apply a new methodology to examine the economic performance from irrigation capacity improvements in the Gila Basin of the American Southwest. An integrated empirical optimization model using mathematical programming is developed to forecast cropping patterns and farm income under two scenarios (1) status quo without added storage capacity and (2) with added storage capacity in which existing barriers to development of higher valued crops are dissolved. We find that storage capacity development can lead to a higher valued portfolio of irrigation production systems as well as more sustained and higher valued farm livelihoods. Results show that compared to scenario (1), scenario (2) increases regional farm income by 30\%, in which some sub regions secure income gains exceeding 900\% compared to base levels. Additional storage is most economically productive when institutional and technical constraints facing irrigated agriculture are dissolved. Along with additional storage, removal of constraints on weak transportation capacity, limited production scale, poor information access, weak risk-bearing capacity, limited management skills, scarce labor supply, low food processing capacity, and absolute scale constraints, all can raise the economic value of additional irrigation capacity development. Our results light a path forward to policy makers, water administrators, and farm managers, who bear the burden of protecting farm income, food and water security, and rural economic development in the world’s dry regions faced by the need to adapt to climate variability.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
	author = {Ward, Frank A. and Crawford, Terry L.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Climate, Food security, Institutions, Irrigation, Policy},
	pages = {757--773},
}

Growing demands for food security to feed increasing populations worldwide have intensified the search for improved performance of irrigation, the world’s largest water user. These challenges are raised in the face of climate variability and from growing environmental demands. Adaptation measures in irrigated agriculture include fallowing land, shifting cropping patterns, increased groundwater pumping, reservoir storage capacity expansion, and increased production of risk-averse crops. Water users in the Gila Basin headwaters of the U.S. Lower Colorado Basin have faced a long history of high water supply fluctuations producing low-valued defensive cropping patterns. To date, little research grade analysis has investigated economically viable measures for irrigation development to adjust to variable climate. This gap has made it hard to inform water resource policy decisions on workable measures to adapt to climate in the world’s dry rural areas. This paper’s contribution is to illustrate, formulate, develop, and apply a new methodology to examine the economic performance from irrigation capacity improvements in the Gila Basin of the American Southwest. An integrated empirical optimization model using mathematical programming is developed to forecast cropping patterns and farm income under two scenarios (1) status quo without added storage capacity and (2) with added storage capacity in which existing barriers to development of higher valued crops are dissolved. We find that storage capacity development can lead to a higher valued portfolio of irrigation production systems as well as more sustained and higher valued farm livelihoods. Results show that compared to scenario (1), scenario (2) increases regional farm income by 30%, in which some sub regions secure income gains exceeding 900% compared to base levels. Additional storage is most economically productive when institutional and technical constraints facing irrigated agriculture are dissolved. Along with additional storage, removal of constraints on weak transportation capacity, limited production scale, poor information access, weak risk-bearing capacity, limited management skills, scarce labor supply, low food processing capacity, and absolute scale constraints, all can raise the economic value of additional irrigation capacity development. Our results light a path forward to policy makers, water administrators, and farm managers, who bear the burden of protecting farm income, food and water security, and rural economic development in the world’s dry regions faced by the need to adapt to climate variability.

@article{granadosolivas_runoff_2016,
	title = {Runoff {Modeling} to {Inform} {Policy} {Regarding} {Development} of {Green} {Infrastructure} for {Flood} {Risk} {Management} and {Groundwater} {Recharge} {Augmentation} along an {Urban} {Subcatchment}, {Ciudad} {Juarez}, {Mexico}},
	volume = {159},
	copyright = {© 2016 UCOWR},
	issn = {1936-704X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2016.03229.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1936-704X.2016.03229.x},
	abstract = {Changes in land use patterns at expanding border cities along the U.S.-Mexico transboundary area have severe impacts on runoff coefficients and flood risk management. Severe rain is the most representative type of precipitation in the Paso del Norte (PdN) region (New Mexico and Texas in the United States and Chihuahua in Mexico), characterized by high intensity, low duration, and high volumes of rain falling in localized, small areas. Rains generate flooding and damage to urban infrastructure, putting at risk people and properties along the arroyos, which lack hydraulic design to control overflowing. While using a Geographic Information System (GIS), we applied the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) to model streamflow at the study site while building the hydrologic domain using ArcGIS with the Flow Area extension. Flood risk analysis was generated to evaluate potential sites for establishment of Green Infrastructure (GI) as a means of reducing risk and induce recharge to local aquifers. A hydrologic model was created using HEC-HMS under GIS tools and later using Flood Area® hydrologic software to evaluate flood risk analysis. For small-scale watersheds ({\textless} 10 km2) runoff can be greatly reduced by using and developing an urban hydrology approach. Furthermore, using GI and applying an urban hydrology approach can generate synergistic benefits by reducing flood risk, enhancing recharge to aquifer formations, weakening urban heat islands, improving habitat for regional species, and generating a common site for social interaction between neighbors. Binational agencies have adapted a new policy to address and promote the generation of such sites while academia, local government, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have taken up the challenge of promoting joint collaboration leading to local solutions to the ancient problem of flood risk.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-05-05},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Water Research \& Education},
	author = {Granados‐Olivas, Alfredo and Alatorre‐Cejudo, Luis Carlos and Adams, David and Serra, Yolande L. and Esquivel‐Ceballos, Víctor Hugo and Vázquez‐Gálvez, Felipe Adrián and Giner, Maria Elena and Eastoe, Chris},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2016.03229.x},
	keywords = {aquifer recharge, flood risk assessment, green infrastructure, permaculture, social participation and education policy, transboundary watersheds, urban hydrology},
	pages = {50--61},
}

Changes in land use patterns at expanding border cities along the U.S.-Mexico transboundary area have severe impacts on runoff coefficients and flood risk management. Severe rain is the most representative type of precipitation in the Paso del Norte (PdN) region (New Mexico and Texas in the United States and Chihuahua in Mexico), characterized by high intensity, low duration, and high volumes of rain falling in localized, small areas. Rains generate flooding and damage to urban infrastructure, putting at risk people and properties along the arroyos, which lack hydraulic design to control overflowing. While using a Geographic Information System (GIS), we applied the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) to model streamflow at the study site while building the hydrologic domain using ArcGIS with the Flow Area extension. Flood risk analysis was generated to evaluate potential sites for establishment of Green Infrastructure (GI) as a means of reducing risk and induce recharge to local aquifers. A hydrologic model was created using HEC-HMS under GIS tools and later using Flood Area® hydrologic software to evaluate flood risk analysis. For small-scale watersheds (\textless 10 km2) runoff can be greatly reduced by using and developing an urban hydrology approach. Furthermore, using GI and applying an urban hydrology approach can generate synergistic benefits by reducing flood risk, enhancing recharge to aquifer formations, weakening urban heat islands, improving habitat for regional species, and generating a common site for social interaction between neighbors. Binational agencies have adapted a new policy to address and promote the generation of such sites while academia, local government, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have taken up the challenge of promoting joint collaboration leading to local solutions to the ancient problem of flood risk.